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# Castalia

Thinking for a better world

## Sitemaps

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## Posts

- [The African Water Companies Serving the Poorest and Staying Afloat](https://castalia-advisors.com/african-water-companies/) - The African water companies serving the poorest and staying afloat—The Guardian reports on a major new study Castalia wrote with the World Bank…
- [Capital cities in the shit—literally](https://castalia-advisors.com/capital-cities-sewage-crisis-aging-sewage-infrastructure/) - Two capital cities, Wellington and Washington, D.C., faced massive sewage spills caused by aging infrastructure and extreme weather. Explore what these crises reveal about urban resilience, sewage systems, and long-term infrastructure investment.
- [Swimming in Sewage: Washington, DC, Faces Potomac River Crisis After Massive Sewage Spill](https://castalia-advisors.com/potomac-river-sewage-spill-2026-dc-crisis/) - Washington, DC faces a major environmental crisis after a massive sewage spill contaminates the Potomac River, raising urgent public health concerns.
- [Battery storage is getting cheap fast — but 24/7 solar isn’t here yet](https://castalia-advisors.com/solar-battery-storage-cost-24-7-power/) - Battery storage costs have dropped 73% since 2018, making solar + BESS competitive with gas. But can solar deliver reliable 24/7 power yet? Not quite.
- [Can AI Stop Cities from Running Out of Water?](https://castalia-advisors.com/ai-urban-water-scarcity-solutions/) - Can AI stop cities from running out of water? Learn how machine learning helps detect leaks, optimize irrigation, and reduce urban water scarcity.
- [Maintaining Energy Security as New Technologies Reshape the Grid: Emerging Threats, Potential Mitigants](https://castalia-advisors.com/energy-security-new-technologies-power-grid/) - As inverter-based resources and data centers reshape power systems, new risks to energy security are emerging, and targeted solutions are needed
- [Energy and Solar PV Feasibility Study for Schools, Jamaica](https://castalia-advisors.com/energy-and-solar-pv-feasibility-study-for-schools-jamaica/) - We structured a public-private partnership to finance and install solar photovoltaic systems and energy efficiency retrofits in schools in Jamaica. The Government of Jamaica knew that rooftop solar photo-voltaic systems and energy efficiency retrofits could cut electricity costs at public schools, but lacked the finance and expertise needed to implement its ideas.
- [Castalia leads affordable housing conversation at ADB Water and Urban Development Forum](https://castalia-advisors.com/affordable-housing-central-asia-adb/) - Castalia led a session at the ADB Forum on affordable housing in Central Asia, presenting strategies to engage the private sector and close the housing gap.
- [Supercritical Geothermal - Tapping into the Next Geothermal Frontier](https://castalia-advisors.com/supercritical-geothermal-tapping-into-the-next-geothermal-frontier/) - Climate funds have great potential to improve the efficiency of underperforming water utilities. Castalia developed a concept for a Climate Fund for Water and Energy Efficiency Performance-based Contracts (PBCs).
- [Public-Private Partnerships: A Proven Path to Better Water Services for African Cities](https://castalia-advisors.com/public-private-partnerships-water-services-africa/) - Public-private partnerships are helping African cities improve water access, strengthen utilities, and attract investment for resilient water systems
- [Statement on Castalia’s report on gas distribution network switch-off - Response to HPSA](https://castalia-advisors.com/gas-distribution-network-switch-off-new-zealand-response-to-hpsa/) - Castalia’s latest statement addresses feedback from the Heat Pump Supplier Association of New Zealand (HPSA) on its report Switching off the gas distribution network, prepared for the Gas Industry Company with MBIE and EECA.
- [Statement on Castalia’s report on gas distribution network switch-off](https://castalia-advisors.com/gas-distribution-network-switch-off-new-zealand/) - Castalia’s latest statement addresses feedback on its report Switching off the gas distribution network, prepared for the Gas Industry Company with MBIE and EECA. The firm outlines key insights on the costs, consumer impacts, and emissions outcomes of electrification in New Zealand’s energy transition.
- [Castalia Contributes to Regulatory Reform Discussion at CREF 2025](https://castalia-advisors.com/castalia-cref-2025-regulatory-insights/) - Castalia's participation at CREF 2025 highlighted its contributions to regulatory frameworks and investment readiness in the Caribbean's renewable energy sector, in collaboration with CDB and IDB.
- [Economic analysis of resource management reforms, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/economic-analysis-resource-management-reforms-nz/) - Castalia advised New Zealand’s Ministry for the Environment on the economic impact of proposed reforms to the Resource Management Act, estimating $14.5 billion in net benefits through reduced compliance costs and improved infrastructure, housing, and environmental outcomes.
- [Rooftop rental business model for RSPV on public buildings, Indonesia](https://castalia-advisors.com/rooftop-rental-business-model/) - Castalia developed a rooftop rental business model for the Government of Indonesia to scale up RSPV adoption and achieve renewable energy targets at least cost whilst ensuring grid stability.
- [Regulatory Framework for Small-Scale Water Providers, Jamaica](https://castalia-advisors.com/regulatory-framework-for-small-scale-water-providers-jamaica/) - Castalia proposed a new regulatory framework for small private and community-based water and sewerage service providers in Jamaica. After Jamaica’s water sector was liberalized, small water and sewerage service providers developed in communities that previously lacked access to piped water supply and sewerage and sprang up to serve new housing developments and resorts. However, the water regulator did not know how best to regulate these newly created entities.
- [Regulatory Framework for Sangster Airport Privatization, Jamaica](https://castalia-advisors.com/regulatory-framework-for-sangster-airport-privatization/) - Castalia advised on a regulatory structure and price control formula so that Jamaica’s Sangster International Airport could be concessioned to a private operator. Jamaica wanted to bring in private capital and management to improve the airport at Montego Bay, and needed a regulatory regime to control pricing after the concession was let.
- [Electricity Retail Competition Review in Victoria, Australia](https://castalia-advisors.com/electricity-retail-competition-review-in-victoria-australia/) - Castalia recommended regulatory and policy measures to boost competition in electricity supply for the State of Victoria, Australia. Electricity prices were rising, and with just three companies dominating the market, there were concerns that competition might not be effectively minimizing prices.
- [Energy Smart Fund for Small-Scale Renewable Generation](https://castalia-advisors.com/energy-smart-fund-for-small-scale-renewable-generation/) - Castalia designed the Energy Smart Fund to help households and businesses invest in energy-saving technologies, solar water heaters, and small-scale solar PV systems. The cost of electricity was too high in Barbados. Installing solar systems and energy efficient technologies could help save energy, money, and emissions—but lack of finance made these investments unaffordable for most households and businesses
- [Water Sector Restructure Strategy, Oman](https://castalia-advisors.com/water-sector-restructure-oman/) - Castalia helped the Government of the Sultanate of Oman merge various water providers into three regional utilities, develop business plans, calculate cost recovery tariffs, recommend subsidies, and develop a new regime for economic regulation. We assessed the likely impact of the reform. Oman’s government was spending $447 million each year to provide water services and wanted to reduce public spending on water while expanding service.
- [Market Analysis and Regulatory Review on Power Bid](https://castalia-advisors.com/market-analysis-and-regulatory-review-on-power-bid/) - Castalia performed market analysis and regulatory due diligence on ACWA Power’s bid for majority holding in the Masinloc power plant. The Philippine’s energy market is a complex mix of wholesale spot market prices and long-term power purchase agreement type contracts. Foreign investors often require expert insight and knowledge to bid appropriately on local infrastructure.
- [Review of Regulated Price of Milk, Open Country Dairy](https://castalia-advisors.com/review-of-regulated-price-of-milk-open-country-dairy/) - Castalia helped Open Country Dairy prepare submissions to the New Zealand Commerce Commission during annual reviews of the Milk Price Manual (the price setting methodology) and the calculations applying that methodology. Small independent milk processors, such as Open Country Dairy, were unhappy that Fonterra, the largest buyer of raw milk, could raise the price of raw milk by using discretion over certain factors within the price calculation.
- [Expressway Program Analysis, Indonesia](https://castalia-advisors.com/expressway-program-analysis-indonesia/) - Castalia identified funding sources to allow Indonesia to fully fund its 2020 to 2024 expressway development program. Castalia identified funding sources to allow Indonesia to fully fund its 2020 to 2024 expressway development program.
- [Flood Control Scheme for Otago River, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/flood-control-scheme-for-otago-river-new-zealand/) - We analyzed the economic benefits of a flood control scheme to determine a fair cost allocation between two regions in New Zealand that are protected by the scheme. One region’s ratepayers were paying an unfair share of the costs for flood control compared to their share of the benefits.
- [Water Utilities Market Mapping, Colombia](https://castalia-advisors.com/water-utilities-market-mapping-colombia/) - We identified water utilities in Colombia that could benefit finance from the IFC. Many water utilities in Colombia lack access to finance. The IFC was willing to help, but needed to identify suitable candidates for finance.
- [Water Resource Plan, Qatar](https://castalia-advisors.com/water-resource-plan-qatar/) - Castalia developed a strategy for optimal management of water resources as part of Qatar's National Development Strategy 2018-2022. Qatar’s over-abstraction of groundwater and high rates of desalinated water use were not environmentally or fiscally optimal.
- [Return on Investment from Schooling in Māori, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/return-on-investment-from-schooling-in-maori/) - Castalia calculated the social return on investment of schools teaching in Maori as well as English. Educational outcomes of Maori children in New Zealand are below the national average, and the government needed to know if increasing funding to specialist schools teaching in Maori was justified.
- [Power Sector Advisory, Ghana](https://castalia-advisors.com/power-sector-advisory-ghana/) - Castalia designed a procurement framework to create a market for renewable energy in Ghana and demonstrated value-for-money from proposed concession to turn around the Electricity Company of Ghana with private finance and management. Ghana’s power supply system couldn’t keep up with demand, resulting in power cuts. The main distribution utility was in financial difficulty, and solar power projects were not proceeding despite their economic potential.
- [Utility-Scale Solar PV Transaction Advisory, Bermuda](https://castalia-advisors.com/utility-scale-solar-pv-transaction-advisory-bermuda/) - Castalia advised the Government of Bermuda on a transaction for a 6MW solar PV project and helped the project reach financial close. The government had identified a potential site for a large-scale renewable energy project on public land but didn’t have experience designing and running a competitive tender for renewable power.
- [Review of Early Childhood Education Market, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/review-of-early-childhood-education-market/) - Castalia assessed competition and concentration in the Early Childhood Education market in New Zealand and found that the market was competitive. New Zealand’s Ministry of Education was concerned that the declining number of Early Childhood Education providers could reduce competition, leading to higher prices or lower quality.
- [Institutional Structure and Business Plan Mombasa County, Kenya](https://castalia-advisors.com/institutional-structure-and-business-plan-mombasa-county-kenya/) - We developed an institutional structure and business plan for Mombasa County to efficiently deliver water supply and sanitation services. The local water service only reached 10 percent of the people, was unreliable, and financial unsustainable.
- [Seafood Industry Growth Strategy, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/seafood-industry-growth-strategy-new-zealand/) - Castalia advised Seafood New Zealand on ways to double exports by 2025, to meet the goal set by the government in 2012. To overcome export constraints, primary industries need to deliver better value for money, improve industry co-ordination for pricing, and reform regulations.
- [Water Management Assistance Contract, Haiti](https://castalia-advisors.com/water-management-assistance-contract-haiti/) - Castalia assisted Haiti’s water agency DINEPA in preparing and running a transaction for a management assistance contractor to manage key utility functions in the capital. The 2010 earthquake destroyed Port-au-Prince’s water infrastructure. It was urgent to rebuild the system and assist the utility’s management.
- [School Procurement Feasibility Study, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/school-procurement-feasibility-study-new-zealand/) - Castalia prepared a Stage One Business Case testing whether PPPs for schools would offer value for money. The Ministry of Education was challenged with managing its property portfolio and building better capacity to manage school properties in New Zealand.
- [Regulatory Reform of the Water Sector Victoria, Australia](https://castalia-advisors.com/regulatory-reform-of-the-water-sector-victoria-australia/) - We advised on how regional public water utilities the State of Victoria, Australia, could be regulated by the Essential Services Commission. We advised on how regional public water utilities the State of Victoria, Australia, could be regulated by the Essential Services Commission. The Victoria Department of Natural Resources and the Environment was concerned that regional water utilities posed risks, both in terms of water quality, and future budgetary demands.
- [Transaction Advice for Expressway Connector, Philippines](https://castalia-advisors.com/transaction-advice-for-expressway-connector-philippines/) - Castalia helped run a “Swiss challenge” competitive procurement process for a new highway in Manila. The Philippines government had received an unsolicited proposal to build an 8km highway in Manila and was required by law to run a competitive procurement process (“Swiss challenge”) to ensure the best-value bid was chosen.
- [Pipeline Regulation Expert Opinion, Liquid Wholesale Gas Market](https://castalia-advisors.com/pipeline-regulation-expert-opinion-liquid-wholesale-gas-market/) - Castalia found that the AEMC’s market access regime was not the right tool to create an efficient gas market on Australia’s East Coast, and that additional regulatory powers were needed. A spike in domestic gas prices as a result of increased LNG exports led to the realization that reforms where needed to create a more liquid wholesale gas market. It was not clear that AEMC’s existing powers were adequate for the task.
- [Disruptive Technologies in Energy Distribution Analysis](https://castalia-advisors.com/disruptive-technologies-in-energy-distribution-analysis/) - Castalia advised Vector on how disruptive technologies, including battery storage, distributed generation, and smart-grids, would change the optimal configuration of electricity distribution grids in the future, assisting Vector’s investment planning. Vector was worried that disruptive technologies could strand the investments it planned to make in the distribution grid.
- [Diversification Strategy for Farmers on Livestock Exports, Australia](https://castalia-advisors.com/diversification-strategy-for-farmers-on-livestock-exports-australia/) - We identified and prioritized new export markets for livestock originating from the Northern Territory of Australia. The Northern Territory was heavily dependent on the Indonesian market for trade of livestock and wanted to diversify to other markets.
- [Electricity Distribution Proposal Review for Orion, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/electricity-distribution-proposal-review-for-orion-new-zealand/) - Castalia helped Vector, New Zealand’s largest electricity distribution utility, ensure that the regulatory regime made suitable provision for recovery of rebuilding costs following an earthquake, through regulatory advice to the Vector and a submission to the Commerce Commission. A series of earthquakes in Christchurch had damaged much of the electricity distribution system. The local utility requested a customized price control path to enable it to recover rebuilding costs. Vector also operates in earthquake-risk areas and wanted to be sure that precedents created after the Christchurch earthquake would be suitable if it or other distribution companies were hit by a serious earthquake.
- [Regulation of Broadband Network Charges, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/regulation-of-broadband-network-charges-new-zealand/) - Castalia helped Chorus, New Zealand’s largest telecommunications infrastructure company, identify two regulatory options that would deliver effective price regulation without distorting consumer choice. Chorus was uncertain about the potential future regulatory settings in New Zealand because of the structural separation of its parent company, Telecom New Zealand.
- [Effect of Carbon Tax on Small and Medium Enterprises in Australia](https://castalia-advisors.com/effect-of-carbon-tax-on-small-and-medium-enterprises-in-australia/) - Castalia assessed the effects of a proposed carbon tax on the small and medium-sized trade-exposed manufacturing firms in Australia, and the likely costs to the economy. Australian small and medium sized manufacturing businesses face strong competition from Asian and other firms. A unilateral carbon tax in Australia would increase costs only for Australian businesses reducing investment and employment in Australia without reducing global emissions.
- [Debt Valuation for Alinta Energy Procurement, Australia](https://castalia-advisors.com/debt-valuation-for-alinta-energy-procurement-australia/) - Castalia assessed the value of a distressed Australian energy company’s debt. Castalia’s client, a private US investment fund, needed to determine the fair value of the debt and its risk before deciding whether to purchase it.
- [Pharmaceutical Procurement Framework for High-Cost Medicine](https://castalia-advisors.com/pharmaceutical-procurement-framework-for-high-cost-medicine/) - Castalia developed proposals to incorporate targeted high-cost medicines into the public health system’s pharmaceutical benefits scheme. New Zealand’s pharmaceutical procurement model favors medicines that provide broad-spectrum benefits to larger population groups. Patients have significantly lower levels of access to high-cost targeted medicines compared to Australia.
- [Emissions Trading Expert Evidence on Lake Taupo, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/expert-evidence-on-nitrate-emissions-trading-system-to-protect-lake-taupo-new-zealand/) - Castalia compared effects of a regulatory regime and a cap-and-trade scheme to reduce non-point nitrate emissions into New Zealand’s Lake Taupo. Increased nitrate run-off from dairy farming was threatening the quality of water in Lake Taupo. Environment Waikato proposed what it called an ‘emissions-trading scheme’ which had the effect of stopping land from being converted to dairy-farming while doing little to improve the farming practices of existing dairy-farmers.
- [Review of Market Competition for Livestock Improvement Services](https://castalia-advisors.com/review-of-market-competition-for-livestock-improvement-services/) - Castalia compared existing access prices with prices calculated under the Efficient Component Pricing Rule (ECPR) to show that New Zealand’s Livestock Improvement Corporation (LIC) was not deterring competition through its charges for use of its livestock database. New Zealand’s Commerce Commission suspected the LIC was monopolizing the dairy cattle improvement market by setting high access prices to the livestock database.
- [Transportation Contract Management for Manila, Philippines](https://castalia-advisors.com/transportation-contract-management-for-manila-philippines/) - Castalia advised the Philippines Government on creating a contract management office that would supervise and manage a PPP contract for a US$1.5 billion light rail transit line upgrade and extension. The Philippines Government wanted to alleviate Manila’s serious traffic congestion by upgrading and extending the city’s light rail transit line 1 (LRT1) and increasing throughout from 500,000 passengers to 800,000 passengers each day.
- [Irrigation Plan Commercial Viability in Hawkes Bay, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/irrigation-plan-commercial-viability-in-hawkes-bay-new-zealand/) - Castalia forecast irrigation demand and assessed volume risk for the proposed Ruataniwha Plains Water Storage Project. Irregular rain in the region caused periodic droughts and reduced farmers’ ability to raise high value crops on the Ruataniwha Plains.
- [Energy Tariff Expert Testimony, Tanzania Electric Supply Company](https://castalia-advisors.com/energy-tariff-expert-testimony-tanzania-electric-supply-company/) - Castalia provided expert testimony to demonstrate that IPTL, an independent power provider, had overcharged the Tanzania Electric Supply Company (TANESCO).
- [Pharmaceutical Policy Paper for the Pharmacy Guild, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/pharmaceutical-policy-paper-for-the-pharmacy-guild-new-zealand/) - We identified how pharmacists and District Health Boards could work together to reduce healthcare costs in New Zealand. District Health Boards considered spending cuts to reduce the cost of healthcare in New Zealand. This would result in lower dispensing fees, so the Pharmacy Guild of New Zealand hoped to identify additional services that could be purchased from pharmacists to preserve financial viability of pharmacies.
- [Design of Regional Utility Regulator for the Eastern Caribbean](https://castalia-advisors.com/design-of-regional-utility-regulator-for-the-eastern-caribbean/) - We advised Eastern Caribbean nations on establishing a regional electricity regulator. Island states in the Eastern Caribbean face high electricity costs, but are too small to justify a regulator for each country.
- [Guidance for the Regulation of Mini Grids](https://castalia-advisors.com/guidance-for-the-regulation-of-mini-grids/) - We wrote a report that will help governments scale-up electricity access with privately-financed mini-grids by selecting the appropriate regulatory, contract and subsidy designs. The World Bank identified that although creating mini-grids could accelerate the pace of electrification, information about best practices for regulating mini-grids wasn’t widely available.
- [Telecommunications Merger Market Model for Spark, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/telecommunications-merger-market-model-for-spark-new-zealand/) - Telecommunication company Vodafone and pay-tv company SKY Television wanted to merge. Castalia’s analysis helped convince the Commerce Commission, the competition authority in New Zealand, that the merger was anti-competitive. What are the potential effects on competition when content providers (those who produce programs) and delivery platforms (broadband and mobile services) propose vertical integration? We analyzed the implications and were able to provide a good test of the effects of vertical integration between content and delivery platforms in telecommunications.
- [Increase Bulk Water Feasibility for Expanding Tourism, Jamaica](https://castalia-advisors.com/increase-bulk-water-feasibility-for-expanding-tourism-jamaica/) - Castalia appraised several options to reduce the water shortage in Jamaica’s North Coast and recommended an economically feasible and financially viable project to increase water supply and meet growing demand. Growing demand for water services driven by hotel developments along Jamaica’s North Coast was putting a strain on existing supply systems, leading to water shortages for residents and tourists.
- [Malawi Water Sector Investment Plan](https://castalia-advisors.com/malawi-water-sector-investment-plan/) - We prepared an optimized investment plan for Malawi’s water sector, together with a financing plan Projects in Malawi’s water sector were scattered and largely donor-driven, so the government needed a strategy to prioritize investments.
- [Water Supply Private Investment Structure, Indonesia](https://castalia-advisors.com/water-supply-private-investment-structure-indonesia/) - Castalia appraised the Umbulan Springs Bulk Water Supply Project and found that it was economically and financially viable with Viability Gap Funding. We recommended that the IIGF provide a guarantee if the Provincial Government implemented our recommendations that would mitigate the residual Project risks that we identified. The Umbulan Springs Bulk Water Supply Project would increase water access for residents of the East Java Province, but it needed payment guarantee to attract a PPP company. The Indonesian Infrastructure Guarantee Fund (IIGF) would only provide a guarantee if it were satisfied the Project risks were well managed.
- [Energy Tariff Submission for Jamaica Public Service Company](https://castalia-advisors.com/energy-tariff-submission-for-jamaican-oublic-service-company/) - We argued that Jamaica’s national electricity utility needed a tariff increase to earn an adequate return on capital. Jamaica’s national electricity utility was not earning an appropriate return on capital, while being exposed to an inadequate level of risk.
- [National Broadband Network Analysis for Hybrid Fibre Coaxial](https://castalia-advisors.com/national-broadband-network-analysis-for-hybrid-fibre-coaxial/) - Castalia helped a client prepare a rationale for freeing up capacity on its Hybrid Fibre Coaxial (HFC) Cable network and incorporating it into the National Broadband Network. Our client, a cable TV company, aimed to create value by enabling its HFC network to form part of a government plan to create a universal fiber network. This could be made possible by switching delivery of TV from HFC to satellite.
- [Regulatory Framework for Small Providers, Jamaica](https://castalia-advisors.com/regulatory-framework-for-small-providers-jamaica/) - Castalia proposed a new regulatory framework for small private and community-based water and sewerage service providers in Jamaica. After Jamaica’s water sector was liberalized, small water and sewerage service providers developed in communities that previously lacked access to piped water supply and sewerage and sprang up to serve new housing developments and resorts. However, the water regulator did not know how best to regulate these newly created entities.
- [Power Market Expert Testimony in California, USA](https://castalia-advisors.com/california-power-market-expert-testimony-usa/) - Castalia developed a counterfactual market model of fair market electricity prices in California to assess evidence of market manipulation during the California power crisis. After power marketers disputed FERC-ordered refunds to power purchasers, expert testimony was needed to identify which price spikes were a result of market manipulation.
- [Expressway Feasibility Study in Dhaka-Chittagong, Bangladesh](https://castalia-advisors.com/expressway-feasibility-study-in-dhaka-chittagong-bangladesh/) - Castalia carried out a feasibility study for a US$4.1 billion expressway to reduce congestion and promote trade between the two largest cities in Bangladesh.Congestion on the highway between Dhaka and Chittagong is so severe that it significantly affects Bangladesh’s internal trade. Approximately 90 percent of the country’s goods are transported through this corridor.
- [Port Price Expert Testimony for the Port of Newcastle, Australia](https://castalia-advisors.com/port-price-expert-testimony-for-the-port-of-newcastle-australia/) - Castalia provided expert evidence that an increase in port charges by the Port of Newcastle was reasonable given historic under-charging. The Port of Newcastle was declared under Part IIIA of the Consumer Competition Act, making its prices subject to regulatory determination. Glencore, one of the world's largest miners and a port user, called for the Port of Newcastle to roll-back price increases the port had introduced
- [Coal Supply Chain Privatization in Hunter Valley, Australia](https://castalia-advisors.com/coal-supply-chain-privatization-in-hunter-valley-australia/) - Castalia helped the Mineral Council of Australia present a case against the proposed privatization of national rail system operator, Australian Rail Track Corporation (ARTC). ARTC was potentially going to be privatized and if the new owners focused on their own commercial interests, there was a risk that it could compromise the voluntary coordination arrangements that ensured the efficiency of the supply chain.
- [Business Model Development for 2030 Water Resource Group](https://castalia-advisors.com/business-model-development-for-2030-water-resource-group/) - Castalia developed new business models that increase the efficient use of water in the agriculture sector while maximizing farmer income. 2030 Water Resource Group wanted to know how financing programs can incentivize smallholder farmers to adopt efficient irrigation technologies. Many smallholder farmers do not use water efficiently while others are unable to irrigate at all because of water scarcity.
- [Hybrid Investment Share Structure for Farmer-Owned Business](https://castalia-advisors.com/hybrid-investment-share-structure-for-farmer-owned-business/) - Castalia showed how proposed changes to the Dairy Industry Restructuring Act would benefit Fonterra shareholders.
- [Appraisal of Tertiary Programs and Courses, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/appraisal-of-tertiary-programs-and-courses-new-zealand/) - Castalia evaluated the value of lower level courses at Open Polytechnic, New Zealand, and showed that they had a benefit-cost ratio of 3.5 to 4. Government funding for Open Polytechnic’s lower level courses was under threat because of low student retention rates.
- [Energy Master Plan for the Federated States of Micronesia](https://castalia-advisors.com/energy-master-plan-for-the-federal-states-of-micronesia/) - Castalia developed a Master Plan for the Federated States of Micronesia to increase electricity access to 100 percent and to decrease reliance on imported fuel. The Federal Government, State Governments, and utilities in FSM needed to coordinate activities to achieve universal electrification and reach their renewable energy targets.
- [Market Assessment of Investment Opportunities in Jordan](https://castalia-advisors.com/market-assessment-of-investment-opportunities-in-jordan/) - Castalia assessed Jordan’s electricity generation capacity and storage needs between 2020 and 2030, the optimal technology mix for this additional capacity, and where our client could be competitive. An international infrastructure fund manager was looking for investment opportunities in Jordan’s electricity generation sector.
- [Market Assessment of Transmission Opportunities in the USA](https://castalia-advisors.com/market-assessment-of-transmission-opportunities-in-the-usa/) - Castalia identified four transmission investment opportunities in the US that aligned with our client’s investment profile and criteria, and advised on market dynamics and the different types of privately financed transmission projects. Our client was diversifying its investment portfolio into the contracted energy sector and needed to understand the market for privately-financed transmission in the US.
- [Maximizing Finance for Development in Transport](https://castalia-advisors.com/maximizing-finance-development-in-transport/) - Castalia worked with the IFC to help governments structure PPPs to attract private investment for transport infrastructure projects, by developing tools that would show them how to de-risk projects. Congestion and poorly maintained highways impact welfare and reduce opportunities for trade and economic growth. If governments don’t have the money to maintain and develop transport systems, countries will be affected by increasing congestion as urbanization rises.
- [Private Partnership Structure for Uruguay's Education System](https://castalia-advisors.com/private-partnership-structure-for-uruguays-education-system/) - Castalia helped the Government of Uruguay (GoU) structure a PPP, so it could develop 60 early childhood education centers. The government wanted to ensure its planned early childhood education centers offered high-quality services, could be privately financed, and provided value for government expenditure.
- [Quota Competition Analysis for Fisheries Acquisition, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/quota-competition-analysis-for-fisheries-acquisition-new-zealand/) - Castalia analyzed whether the acquisition of additional scampi fishing quota by a fishing company would reduce competition. We found it would not. Competition authorities in New Zealand were concerned that aggregation of scampi fishing quota could undermine competition.
- [Socio-Economic Trend Analysis for Telstra, Australia](https://castalia-advisors.com/socio-economic-trend-analysis-for-telstra-australia/) - We identified emerging trends from advances in ICT, and socio-demographic changes in the workplace. Telstra, the leading telecommunications company in Australia, realized that tremendous changes would come with the ICT revolution, and they wanted to embrace the opportunities and challenges that would result.
- [Private Finance Evaluation for Infrastructure Fund, Africa](https://castalia-advisors.com/private-finance-evaluation-for-infrastructure-fund-africa/) - Castalia helped Meridiam Africa identify investment opportunities in Ghana’s infrastructure sectors.
- [Anti-Competitive Medical Practices Framework, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/anti-competitve-medical-practices-framework-new-zealand/) - Castalia developed a methodology to distinguish between entry restrictions based on quality and those that created competition-limiting barriers. New Zealand’s Commerce Commission was concerned about the admissions practices of professional medical associations. It wanted to check whether they were reducing competition in specialist medical fields by imposing anti-competitive barriers to entry in the specialist fields.
- [Business Case and Transaction Advisory for Non-Toll Roads](https://castalia-advisors.com/business-case-and-transaction-advisory-for-non-toll-roads/) - Castalia prepared the business case and procurement documents for two non-tolled highways in East Sumatra. The Government of Indonesia wanted private investors to finance rehabilitation, expansion and maintenance of key links in the national highway network.
- [Public-Private Partnership Transaction Advice for Ports, Ukraine](https://castalia-advisors.com/public-private-partnership-transaction-advice-for-ports-ukraine/) - Castalia helped to develop a viable concession transaction for the Government of Ukraine for the Ports of Olvia and Kherson. Ukraine’s seaports play a key role in export and trade, and the Government intended to involve the private sector to improve the country’s port infrastructure. It needed help to secure a private partner for the country’s first private concession in the port sector.
- [Capital Investments Prioritization System in Water Sector, Mexico](https://castalia-advisors.com/capital-investments-prioritization-system-in-water-sector-mexico/) - Castalia developed a system to prioritize federal capital contributions to water projects in Mexico. CONAGUA (a federal water funding agency) lacked the tools to prioritize capital investment among the projects submitted by the 2,448 municipalities potentially eligible for such assistance. This led to sub-optimal selection of projects for support.
- [Screening Tool for Transportation Projects, Vietnam](https://castalia-advisors.com/screening-tool-for-transportation-projects-vietnam/) - We developed a screening tool and financial model to help the PPP Unit in Vietnam’s Ministry of Transport to identify, screen, and prioritize potential PPP projects. The Government of Vietnam sought to procure highway, rail, seaport, and airport projects to relieve an infrastructure bottleneck, but a financing gap inhibited progress.
- [Water Management Contract Advice for Guyana Water Inc.](https://castalia-advisors.com/water-management-contract-advice-for-guyana-water-inc/) - Castalia evaluated the contractual obligations and performance of Severn Trent and Guyana Water. We recommended a new approach to the governance charter and provided an opinion on the reasonableness of the government’s ultimate decision to terminate. The government of Guyana was moving to terminate a contract with Severn Trent who managed Guyana Water Inc. The Department of International Development (DFID) didn’t know if the government was justified in terminating the contract and wanted to see if the situation could be improved so the management contract could continue.
- [Electricity Generation Expert Testimony for Transpower](https://castalia-advisors.com/electricity-generartion-expert-testimony-for-transpower/) - Castalia gave expert testimony before the High Court to show that the operator of New Zealand’s national transmission grid was not behaving in an anti-competitive manner. A generation company alleged that Transpower, operator of the national transmission grid, was being anti-competitive by refusing their request to set charges for a small distributed power plant as though it was connected directly to the transmission grid.
- [Arbitration Panel Advice for Mobil Argentina](https://castalia-advisors.com/arbitration-panel-advice-for-mobil-argentina/) - We valued the damage that the Republic of Argentina had caused to a subsidiary of ExxonMobil by changing rules and regulations governing the gas market following the devaluation crisis of 2002. The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) needed independent expert guidance on how best to quantify damages caused by rule changes in a complex market, when evidence submitted by the two parties’ experts was widely divergent in methodology and quantum estimate.
- [Public-Private Partnership Framework for Johnsonville Library](https://castalia-advisors.com/public-private-partnership-framework-for-johnsonville-library/) - Castalia provided the framework for the Wellington City Council to choose between publicly or privately funding the development of a new public library in Johnsonville. The New Zealand public sector lacks the experience to systematically evaluate options for the procurement of public-private partnerships.
- [Three Water Asset Management, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/three-water-asset-management-new-zealand/) - Castalia helped the New Zealand Department of Internal Affairs diagnose problems in water asset management, and identified factors that were most important in driving good asset management. A water supply contamination incident in Havelock North left 5,500 residents ill. The New Zealand Department of Internal Affairs wanted to improve water asset management throughout all regions in the country to prevent future contaminations.
- [Fiber Regulation Advice, Spark New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/fiber-regulation-advice-spark-new-zealand/) - Castalia helped Spark present a submission to New Zealand’s Parliamentary Select Committee in response to proposed changes in the regulation of fixed line telecommunications networks. New Zealand’s largest retail telecommunications provider was worried about losing market share because of draft regulation that increased access charges. The company could lose a portion of its customers to competitors because higher access charges would mean that many customers would no longer be able to afford premium services.
- [Power and Water Sector Optimization, Abu Dhabi](https://castalia-advisors.com/power-and-water-sector-optimization-abu-dhabi/) - Castalia designed a new market mechanism for Abu Dhabi’s power and water sector that would reduce the sector’s fiscal costs through improved efficiency. High costs of the power and water sector were stressing Abu Dhabi’s economy, which needed fiscal consolidation to manage falling oil revenues.
- [Concentrated Solar Power Knowledge and Innovation Program](https://castalia-advisors.com/concentrated-solar-power-knowledge-and-innovation-program/) - Castalia advised counties throughout the Middle East and North Africa on how Concentrated Solar Power Generation (CSP) can benefit their power systems. We did power system planning studies, siting studies, technical and financial analysis, and procurement and financing options for several countries. CSP is a disruptive technology that can provide firm and dispatchable power at low carbon emissions in sun-drenched regions like MENA. However, policymakers in MENA lack awareness of CSP potential in their countries.
- [Financial Advice on Solar Project for Pele Green Energy](https://castalia-advisors.com/financial-advice-on-solar-project-for-pele-green-energy/) - Castalia successfully submitted an application for Pele Green Energy to be awarded a $1.1 million grant from USTDA. Pele Green Energy wants to build a 75MW solar photovoltaic power plant in the Free State, South Africa, to help the national utility, Eskom, which urgently needs to increase the country’s supply of energy.
- [Electricity Sector Regulatory Framework, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/electricity-sector-regulatory-framework-new-zealand/) - Castalia proposed new regulatory approaches to promote optimal investment in disruptive energy sector technologies such as battery storage by electricity distribution companies. Emerging technologies in the energy sector have resulted in the line between competitive markets and monopolies being blurred, leading to an outdated regulatory framework that was hindering investment in the new technologies.
- [Water Utility Turnaround Plan for Can Tho, Vietnam](https://castalia-advisors.com/water-utility-turnaround-plan-for-can-tho/) - We followed the Utility Turnaround Framework (UTF) to help turn around performance at Can Tho WASSCO—the largest water utility in the Mekong Delta. Can Tho WASSCO was underperforming—tap water was not safe to drink, non-revenue water was high, and coverage was only 85 percent.
- [Elderly Care Sector Assessment, China](https://castalia-advisors.com/elderly-care-sector-assessment-china/) - Castalia proposed ways to address the mismatch in demand and supply of elderly care accommodations in Yichang City with the use of private sector participation. The PRC has become one of the world’s largest infrastructure markets, driven by strong economic growth and rapid urbanization. Demand for expanded and effective elderly care services has been increasing as 34 percent of the population is expected to be above the age of 60 by 2050. Further demand arises from government efforts to address regional disparities and ensure the availability of elderly care and services to its people, including the less privileged.
- [Alternative Insurance Policies for Medicines Australia](https://castalia-advisors.com/alternative-insurance-policies-for-medicines-australia/) - Castalia proposed ways to increase affordable and fast access to non-publicly listed medicines while alleviating pharmaceutical costs on the Australian public health system. Affordable access to medicines is a government responsibility. Alternative funding could relieve fiscal pressure and provide Australians with access to much-needed specialized medicines.
- [Utility-Scale Renewable Energy Procurement Plan, Nigeria](https://castalia-advisors.com/utility-scale-renewable-energy-procurement-plan-nigeria/) - Castalia developed the documents, processes and regulations for Nigeria to procure renewable energy through competitive tenders. Nigeria had a huge shortage of generation, and no mechanisms to use competitive procurement to develop local renewable resources to add energy at least cost.
- [Regulatory Assessment of Health Products Bill, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/regulatory-assessment-of-health-products-bill-new-zealand/) - Castalia determined the effect of the Natural Health Product Bill in New Zealand on small natural health companies. Small natural health companies were concerned the Bill would put them out of business due to the cost associated with the new regulation.
- [State Funding of Independent Schools Valuation, Australia](https://castalia-advisors.com/state-funding-of-independent-schools-valuation-australia/) - Castalia calculated the net economic benefits of independent schools, and the fiscal savings they enable, in the State of New South Wales, Australia. The New South Wales Government was threatening to reduce its contribution toward the costs of independent schools in the state.
- [Water Supply Infrastructure Funding, Rwanda](https://castalia-advisors.com/water-supply-infrastructure-funding-rwanda/) - Castalia advised the Kigali Bulk Water Supply Project, to help Kigali provide safe and reliable water supply to its rapidly growing population
- [Telecommunication Regulation Review, Papua New Guinea](https://castalia-advisors.com/telecommunication-regulation-review-papua-new-guinea/) - Castalia helped Digicel present a case against new proposed regulation in Papua New Guinea. Digicel entered the Papua New Guinea telecommunications market and invested heavily in mobile infrastructure. Incumbents who had failed to invest complained that new investment made the entrant a dominant firm and wanted the regulator to change regulation and give all competitors compulsory access to Digicel’s network.
- [National Electrification Strategy, Guinea](https://castalia-advisors.com/national-electrification-strategy-guinea/) - Castalia created an investment prospectus, with a roll-out plan and a financing plan, to attract investment for electrification. Guinea wanted to increase electrification from 29 percent of the population to 100 percent but did not have a clear plan or the financial resources to do so.
- [Public Private Partnerships Screening Criteria, Vietnam](https://castalia-advisors.com/public-private-partnerships-screening-criteria-vietnam/) - Castalia developed a Toolkit and screening criteria for PPPs so the Government could attract the private finance that was needed in Vietnam’s water sector. Vietnam’s urban water sector needed $600 million of investments each year to improve and expand services. The Government wanted to attract private finance via PPPs, and needed help to establish a PPP framework for the sector.
- [Industrial Tariff Submission for Puerto Rico Water Utility](https://castalia-advisors.com/industrial-tariff-submission-for-puerto-rico-water-utility/) - Castalia helped the Coco Beach Utility Company (CBUC) prepare a tariff submission after being faced with a 49 percent hike in its wholesale water costs. The Coco Beach Utility Company (CBUC) was paying an unfair tariff for the water it purchased from its wholesale water supplier. Castalia prepared a tariff submission to help CBUC get a fairer tariff.
- [Tariff Study and Business Plan for National Water Commission](https://castalia-advisors.com/tariff-study-and-business-plan-for-national-water-commission/) - Castalia designed a tariff structure, prepared a submission to the regulator, and developed a strategic plan for the National Water Commission to boost profitability, operational efficiency, and service delivery. Jamaica’s National Water Commission could not finance its capital expenditure needs as revenues were insufficient to cover reasonable costs.
- [Water Supply Financial Model for Provo Water Company Shares](https://castalia-advisors.com/water-supply-financial-model-for-provo-water-company-shares/) - Castalia valued the shares of the Government of the Turks and Caicos Islands in the Provo Water Company. The Government of the Turks and Caicos needed to determine the fair value of its shares in the Provo Water Company, for the purposes of sale to another, private, shareholder.
- [Economic Expert Witness for Telstra Duct Access, Australia](https://castalia-advisors.com/economic-expert-witness-for-telstra-duct-access-australia/) - Castalia provided expert testimony and helped Australian telecommunication company Telstra to demonstrate that its duct access pricing was fair. Telstra owns Australia’s copper network. A competitor claimed that Telstra was overcharging the ACCC for access to its telecommunications ducts.
- [Commercial Viability Regulatory Advice, Sydney Desalination Plant](https://castalia-advisors.com/commercial-viability-regulatory-advice-sydney-desalination-plant/) - Castalia analyzed the regulatory framework underpinning the privatization of the Sydney Desalination Plant, and the regulator’s historical performance, then modeled potential revenue outcomes for the successful bidder. Water security is a concern in Australia and state governments are responsible for ensuring supply. NSW’s state government sought to sell its asset under a regulatory regime that ensured water security for taxpayers, and also flexibility of operations.
- [Financial and Fiscal Risk Analysis for Private Sector Procurement](https://castalia-advisors.com/financial-and-fiscal-risk-analysis-for-indonesian-ministry/) - Castalia appraised the financial and fiscal risk of Indonesia’s satellite project and advised the Indonesia Infrastructure Guarantee Fund (IIGF) on the best way to structure the guarantee. Indonesia wanted to procure a private sector partner to develop, launch, and manage a satellite to serve demand in the outlying islands. The project needed a guarantee to be bankable.
- [Energy Company Restructure for Communauté Electrique du Bénin](https://castalia-advisors.com/energy-company-restructure-for-communaute-electrique-du-benin/) - Castalia diagnosed CEB’s underlying problems, and recommended reform options to transform it into a viable and well-managed company. CEB’s poor financial performance was increasing costs of power for customers, hurting Benin and Togo’s economy, and damaging the viability of the West African Power Pool.
- [Pricing Model Review for Fonterra Dairy Processor, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/pricing-model-review-for-fonterra-dairy-processor-new-zealand/) - Castalia reviewed the pricing model for raw milk in New Zealand to determine if the pricing model could allow Fonterra to use its market power to deter entry by independent processors. More than 80 percent of milk in New Zealand is collected and processed by Fonterra, the country’s largest dairy co-operative. Concerns were raised over Fonterra using its market power to deter entry by independent processors.
- [Sustainable Energy Trade Roadmap for Cross-Border Power](https://castalia-advisors.com/sustainable-energy-trade-roadmap-for-cross-border-power/) - Castalia conducted a cost-benefit analysis of renewable energy market integration among Morocco, France, Germany, Portugal and Spain, and recommended transmission, regulatory and trading mechanisms to promote such trade. These countries want to integrate their electricity markets to scale up renewable technologies, decarbonize their power sectors, and meet the objectives of the Paris Agreement. However, legal, regulatory, and market barriers were obstructing integration.
- [Water Sector Investment Opportunity for World Bank Private Sector](https://castalia-advisors.com/water-sector-investment-opportunity-for-world-bank-private-sector/) - Castalia developed a pipeline of water-sector investment opportunities for the IFC in the Middle East and North Africa. The Middle East and North Africa is the most water scarce region in the world. The IFC hoped to catalyze increased water investments to help avert a forecast 50 percent reduction in per capita water availability by 2050.
- [Lake Remediation Economic Assessment, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/lake-remediation-economic-assessment-new-zealand/) - Castalia showed it was economically justified to invest in cleaning Lake Hayes, and that the economic benefits exceeded the costs of the cleaning options. The local community was increasingly unhappy about the water quality of popular amenity Lake Hayes. Environmental engineers gave the Otago Regional Council three clean-up options, but the Council wanted to know if the money was worth spending.
- [Telecommunication Network Analysis for Telecom New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/telecommunication-network-analysis-for-telecom-new-zealand/) - Castalia helped Telecom New Zealand show that regulating access at a single layer of network architecture could achieve competitive outcomes for broadband internet and minimize market distortions. The telecommunications company was concerned that regulation requiring Telecom to offer competitors access at multiple layers of the broadband service stack would distort the market, limit cost recovery, and undermine network investment.
- [Management and Operational Reform, Metro Iloilo Water District](https://castalia-advisors.com/management-and-operational-reform-metro-iloilo-water-district/) - We helped the Metro Iloilo Water District (MIWD) assess the condition of water supply and sanitation, and evaluate options to attract finance, improve management, and extend service. MIWD needed to increase capacity and improve water service operations because of rapid urbanization and economic grants.
- [Water Market Design for Waikato River Basin, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/water-market-design-for-waikato-river-basin/) - Castalia developed a model to understand what a water market for New Zealand rivers would look like. Mighty River Power owned a cascade of hydro generating plants and wanted a mechanism to preserve the value of its investment in a situation in which other users wanted to increase abstraction from the rivers.
- [Economic Policy Analysis for Pharmaceuticals, Canada](https://castalia-advisors.com/economic-policy-analysis-for-pharmaceuticals-canada/) - Castalia analyzed outcomes under the New Zealand pharmaceutical public funding scheme so that we could advise if the model should be followed by Canada. Canadian national and provincial governments were considering whether to adopt New Zealand’s model for driving down pharmaceutical prices and wanted to know if health outcomes would suffer if they did.
- [Electrification Plan Energy Investment Prospectus, Rwanda](https://castalia-advisors.com/electrification-plan-energy-investment-prospectus/) - Castalia developed an electrification plan for Rwanda that helped the country more than double electricity access in less than 5 years. Rwanda’s electrification rate was one of the lowest in the world—only 6 percent of its citizens had access to electricity in 2009.
- [New Business Model for the National Water Commission, Jamaica](https://castalia-advisors.com/new-business-model-for-the-national-water-commission/) - Castalia identified and managed varied stakeholder interests to develop a business model that would enable the National Water Commission to reap efficiency gains, generate profits, and finance capital investments. The National Water Commission cannot meet growing demands for service without spending billions in capital expenditure. However, the utility cannot raise the finance needed due to the lack of efficiency and profitability.
- [Corporate Financial Strategy for National Power Company](https://castalia-advisors.com/corporate-financial-strategy-for-national-power-company/) - Castalia developed a sustainable corporate financial plan for PLN, Indonesia’s national power utility, including a new revenue model, and recommended legislative changes. PLN needs to finance a US$180 billion expansion of the electricity system. It relies on subsidy to cover the gap between legislated tariffs and the cost of service. The size of the subsidy that would be required in the future led financial markets to question the fiscal sustainability of the arrangement.
- [Educational Institution Financial Strategy for Open Polytechnic](https://castalia-advisors.com/educational-institution-financial-strategy-for-open-polytechnic/) - Castalia carried out a cost review of Open Polytechnic’s loss-making programs to identify eight least-profitable programs. The government-owned tertiary education institution wanted to become financially sustainable
- [Expert Testimony and Valuation of City Water Services, Tanzania](https://castalia-advisors.com/expert-testimony-and-valuation-of-city-water-services/) - Castalia provided expert testimony on behalf of the Dar es Salaam Water and Sewerage Authority (DAWASA) in an UNCITRAL arbitration over a claim brought by City Water Services, the private operator of the system. City Water alleged that DAWASA had breached its contract with it, and convened arbitral proceedings.
- [Sustainable Water Augmentation Plan Cape Town, South Africa](https://castalia-advisors.com/sustainable-water-augmentation-plan-cape-town/) - Castalia helped the City of Cape Town develop a strategy that would ensure water supply in the event of another drought, using the framework of robust scenario planning. Cape Town residents were rationed to 50 liters a day when the City nearly ran out of water during a devastating drought. The City needed a long-term strategy.
- [Water Lease Dispute on Tanzania](https://castalia-advisors.com/water-lease-dispute-on-tanzania/) - Castalia provided expert evidence and testimony when the United Republic of Tanzania was in arbitration proceedings with Biwater Gauff Ltd. over the expropriation of Dar es Salaam’s water and sewerage services. Biwater Gauff Ltd wanted to be awarded damages for the value of their investment in Tanzania, but the Government reasoned that the private water company had provided poor service and should not be compensated.
- [Subsidy Program to Expand Water Supply in Jakarta, Indonesia](https://castalia-advisors.com/subsidy-program-to-expand-water-supply-in-jakarta-indonesia/) - Castalia designed an incentive mechanism to enable the concessionaires serving Jakarta to profitably extend piped water service to poor unserved communities. Low-income communities in Jakarta relied on informal, expensive, and poor-quality water supply sources as they were not connected to the piped network.
- [Rest-Home Operator Expansion on Housing, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/rest-home-operator-expansion-on-housing/) - Castalia calculated a rest-home operator’s market share if it purchased its competitor’s business assets. We concluded that its new market share would not be large enough to raise questions about reduced competition. Castalia’s client, a rest-home operator, wanted to purchase a competitor’s facilities and expand its business. The operator needed to know if the Commerce Commission would block the purchase due to concerns about reduced competition.
- [Price-Fixing Prosecution on Ophthalmologists, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/price-fixing-prosecution-on-ophthalmologists/) - Castalia provided expert evidence in a successful case against anti-competitive behavior by ophthalmologists in New Zealand.
- [East Africa Power Market will launch a 'Day-ahead market'](https://castalia-advisors.com/east-africa-power-market-day-ahead-market/) - The Eastern Africa Power Pool (EAPP) is set to launch a day-ahead market (DAM) in early 2025. This marks a pivotal step toward realizing a functional regional East Africa Power Market. Accordingly, this initiative aims to foster competition, reduce electricity supply costs, and enhance energy security across the region. By enabling day-ahead power trading among
- [Credit Risk Assessment for TIFIA Expressway Transactions](https://castalia-advisors.com/credit-risk-assessment-for-tifia-expressway-transactions/) - Castalia developed investment roadmaps containing practical steps and tangible projects aligned with Samoa’s and Tuvalu’s NDC goals to accelerate the implementation of their NDCs to global climate action under the Paris Agreement.
- [Webinar on financing facilities and non-revenue water performance-based contracts](https://castalia-advisors.com/webinar-nrw-pbc/) - Shannon Riley and Lisa Nations delivered a webinar on the topics of financing facilities and non-revenue water (NRW) performance-based contracts (PBCs). These could be two viable options to help utilities secure the resources they need to continue operations in response to the massive decrease in collections they are experiencing due to COVID-19. This webinar was
- [White Paper on the Flexibility of Concentrated Solar Power](https://castalia-advisors.com/flexibility-of-concentrated-solar-power/) - Castalia wrote a White Pater on the role of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) in the power system of the future. Given significant decreases in costs and the ability to provide flexible power, CSP is expected to play a key role as a local and renewable source of power to cope with increasing amounts of variable renewable energy (vRE) in power systems.
- [Water sector amalgamation: Is New Zealand really like Scotland?](https://castalia-advisors.com/water-sector-amalgamation/) - In this blog two Castalia staff comment on the evidence base for the New Zealand “Three Waters” reforms
- [Independent Analysis of Fonterra's Proposed Capital Restructure](https://castalia-advisors.com/independent-analysis-of-fonterras-proposed-capital-restructure/) - Castalia was hired by Open Country Dairy Limited to analyze a proposed capital restructure by Fonterra. The proposal would significantly change the number of shares in the dairy cooperative that prospective farmer-suppliers would have to acquire. The proposal is likely to collapse the price of Fonterra shares. It will shift significant wealth from current farmers
- [Five big problems with Three Waters](https://castalia-advisors.com/five-big-problems-with-three-waters-2/) - OPINION: The need for reform in the New Zealand water sector is beyond debate. Regulation must improve, management capability needs to be lifted in many localities, and investment levels need to match consumer demands and minimum service standards. Yet successful reform can be achieved without at least one controversial aspect of the government's proposal -
- [Castalia-Led Task Force Accelerates Renewable Energy Uptake in the Caribbean](https://castalia-advisors.com/castalia-led-task-force-accelerates-renewable-energy-uptake-in-the-caribbean/) - Castalia presented the Minimum Regulatory Framework as a potential solution to financing resilience at the Island Resiliency Action Challenge (IRAC) during the 15th Annual Caribbean Renewable Energy Forum (CREF) on April 26th of 2023.
- [Unlocking the Power of Partnerships to Tackle Water and Energy Losses](https://castalia-advisors.com/unlocking-the-power-of-partnerships-to-tackle-water-and-energy-losses/) - Climate funds have great potential to improve the efficiency of underperforming water utilities. Castalia developed a concept for a Climate Fund for Water and Energy Efficiency Performance-based Contracts (PBCs).
- [The Impact of LNG on El Salvador's Energy Transition and Economic Development](https://castalia-advisors.com/unlocking-the-power-of-partnerships-to-tackle-water-and-energy-losses-2/) - Climate funds have great potential to improve the efficiency of underperforming water utilities. Castalia developed a concept for a Climate Fund for Water and Energy Efficiency Performance-based Contracts (PBCs).
- [Decoding New Zealand’s Water Reform: A Castalia Perspective](https://castalia-advisors.com/decoding-new-zealands-water-reform-a-castalia-perspective/) - Climate funds have great potential to improve the efficiency of underperforming water utilities. Castalia developed a concept for a Climate Fund for Water and Energy Efficiency Performance-based Contracts (PBCs).
- [The Untapped Potential for Voluntary Carbon Markets in the Water Sector](https://castalia-advisors.com/the-untapped-potential-for-voluntary-carbon-markets-in-the-water-sector/) - Climate funds have great potential to improve the efficiency of underperforming water utilities. Castalia developed a concept for a Climate Fund for Water and Energy Efficiency Performance-based Contracts (PBCs).
- [Implementing Local Water Done Well Policy in New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/implementing-local-water-done-well-policy-in-new-zealand/) - Climate funds have great potential to improve the efficiency of underperforming water utilities. Castalia developed a concept for a Climate Fund for Water and Energy Efficiency Performance-based Contracts (PBCs).
- [Assessing Bus Fleet Decarbonization Options with the Zero-Emissions Bus Cost Model](https://castalia-advisors.com/assessing-bus-fleet-decarbonization-options-with-the-zero-emissions-bus-cost-model/) - Castalia worked alongside the New Zealand Transportation Agency Waka Kotahi to help the Agency assess bus fleet decarbonization options. The result is a model that calculates emissions and total cost of ownership based on technology type, route type and bus fleet size.
- [24/7 dispatchable solar power at costs comparable to gas-fired generation: too good to be true?](https://castalia-advisors.com/dispatchable-solar-power-at-costs-comparable-to-gas-fired-generation/) - EWEC in Abu Dhabi just announced a Gigascale PV plus battery system that will provide 24/7 dispatchable solar power at an all-in energy cost comparable to gas-fired generation. Masdar will deliver and operate the plant. What does this mean for global power markets? What makes solar PV + batteries competitive to provide dispatchable
- [Five lessons from Cape Town’s Day Zero Crisis for Better Urban Water Resilience](https://castalia-advisors.com/five-lessons-from-cape-towns-day-zero-crisis-for-better-urban-water-resilience/) - If you’re working on urban water resilience, you must read Rolfe Eberhard’s new paper on behind-the-scenes conflicts that stoked the Day Zero crisis. Rolfe argues a breakdown of trust and communication failures within the decision-making system exacerbated the crisis. Here are five essential lessons for cities facing water stress: Start working to build trust and
- [Castalia advises the Uruguayan Government on preparing a US $55m Education PPP](https://castalia-advisors.com/castalia-advises-the-uruguayan-government-on-a-education-ppp-project/) - Castalia is advising the Corporación Nacional para el Desarrollo of Uruguay on preparing a PPP project for 44 kindergarten and 15 daycare centers.
- [Fifth annual Renewable Islands Index and Marketplace](https://castalia-advisors.com/castalia-presents-the-renewable-islands-index/) - Castalia presented the fifth annual Renewable Islands Index at the Caribbean Renewable Energy Forum (CREF).
- [Advice on Water Sector Reform, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/new-zealand-water-sector-reform/) - The New Zealand government is proposing to reform the water sector into a small set of regional public corporations. Local Government New Zealand (LGNZ), representing the national interests of local councils in New Zealand, engaged Castalia as a trusted economic and strategic advisor. Castalia produced three pieces of analysis for LGNZ that feed into the New Zealand government’s water sector reform process.
- [Water Utility Transformation, Bermuda](https://castalia-advisors.com/water-utility-transformation-in-bermuda/) - Castalia developed a business case to transfer the responsibility for water, wastewater, and solid waste service provision to a single utility. Castalia developed a climate resilience strategy, including infrastructure rehabilitation and extension and non-revenue water measures. The Government is implementing
- [The American Chemical Society Published Findings From “Decarbonizing Water: The Potential to Apply the Voluntary Carbon Market toward Global Water Security” Report](https://castalia-advisors.com/the-american-chemical-society-published-findings-from-decarbonizing-water-the-potential-to-apply-the-voluntary-carbon-market-toward-global-water-security-report/)
- [Leading the Discussion on Innovative Water Loss Reduction Strategies at the Global Water Summit](https://castalia-advisors.com/leading-the-discussion-on-innovative-water-loss-reduction-strategies-at-the-global-water-summit/)
- [PPP Gender Toolkit is Now Available](https://castalia-advisors.com/ppp-gender-toolkit-is-now-available/)
- [New report "Decarbonizing Water: Applying the Voluntary Carbon Market toward Global Water Security"](https://castalia-advisors.com/decarbonizing-water-applying-the-voluntary-carbon-market-toward-global-water-security/)
- [Castalia is an approved training organization for the Preparation Module of the APMG PPP Certification Program Foundation Level](https://castalia-advisors.com/castalia-is-an-approved-training-organization-for-the-preparation-module-of-the-apmg-ppp-certification-program-foundation-level/)
- [Anamaría Camacho](https://castalia-advisors.com/journey-anamaria/)
- [Veronica Lizzio](https://castalia-advisors.com/journey-veronica/)
- [Castalia is the winner of the Island Resilience Action Challenge at CREF](https://castalia-advisors.com/castalia-is-the-winner-of-the-island-resilience-action-challenge-at-cref/)
- [Castalia presents the renewable energy index during the 15th Caribbean Renewable Energy Forum (CREF)](https://castalia-advisors.com/castalia-presents-the-renewable-energy-index-during-the-15th-caribbean-renewable-energy-forum-cref/)
- [Castalia makes a call to action during the 2023 Caribbean Regional Water Loss Conference to stop water and energy waste in water utilities](https://castalia-advisors.com/castalia-makes-a-call-to-action-during-the-2023-caribbean-regional-water-loss-conference-to-stop-water-and-energy-waste-in-water-utilities/)
- [Castalia prepared a new report on 2035-2050 Vision for Gas for New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/castalia-prepared-a-new-report-on-2035-2050-vision-for-gas-for-new-zealand/)
- [Electricity Market and Carbon Tax Advice, Mexico](https://castalia-advisors.com/electricity-market-and-carbon-tax-advice-mexico/) - Mexico’s Ministry of Finance, supported by the French Development Agency, was considering a carbon tax to reduce its GHG emissions by 22 percent to meet its 2030 target. It also wanted to reform its electricity tariffs and subsidies to avoid impacting the affordability of electricity under the new tax.
- [Geothermal Energy Market Analysis, Eastern Caribbean](https://castalia-advisors.com/geothermal-energy-market-analysis-eastern-caribbean/) - The Eastern Caribbean States rely heavily on expensive fossil fuels despite having great potential for renewable energy. The IDB wanted to explore investment opportunities for affordable, reliable renewable energy to move the region away from fossil fuel.
- [Pipeline of Climate-friendly Municipal Infrastructure Investments, Peru](https://castalia-advisors.com/pipeline-of-climate-friendly-municipal-infrastructure-investments-peru/) - IFC wanted to support strategic, bankable infrastructure projects that provided sustainable, reliable, and competitive services to Peru’s cities with the goal of addressing rapidly increasing urban populations and mitigating GHG emissions. The sectors included energy, transport, green buildings, water, waste, and telecommunications.
- [District Cooling Market Analysis, Mexico](https://castalia-advisors.com/district-cooling-market-analysis-mexico/) - Mexico’s Ministry of Energy wanted to know the viability of district cooling to mitigate the country’s high energy consumption, disproportionate peak load, and increasing GHG emissions caused by growing urban populations and rising temperatures.
- [Pipeline of Viable Clean Energy Projects, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Panama](https://castalia-advisors.com/pipeline-of-viable-clean-energy-projects-costa-rica-dominican-republic-guatemala-honduras-jamaica-panama/) - The US Trade and Development Agency (USTDA) wanted to support clean energy investment in Central America and the Caribbean by funding feasibility studies but needed help identifying which project proposals to fund.
- [Pipeline of Viable Renewable Energy Projects, Chile](https://castalia-advisors.com/pipeline-of-viable-renewable-energy-projects-chile/) - USTDA wanted to help Chile move away from fossil fuels toward cheaper, more efficient sustainable energy sources by funding feasibility studies for renewable energy projects.
- [Transaction Advisory for Puerto Maldonado Wastewater Treatment Plant, Peru](https://castalia-advisors.com/transaction-advisory-for-puerto-maldonado-wastewater-treatment-plant-peru/) - ProInversion, the government entity responsible for promoting private investment in Peru, wanted to expand wastewater treatment and reuse services in Puerto Maldonado to accommodate the 25 percent of inhabitants that lacked sewer connections, while ensuring that effluent discharge into this important tributary of the Amazon meets environmental standards.
- [Transaction Advisory for the Canoas Wastewater Treatment Plant, Colombia](https://castalia-advisors.com/transaction-advisory-for-the-canoas-wastewater-treatment-plant-colombia/) - Much of the wastewater from Bogota’s 11 million inhabitants flows into the Bogota River without adequate treatment. The problem was too big for Bogota’s utility on its own. Colombia’s National Planning Department worked with stakeholders to agree that a PPP to deliver a massive new wastewater treatment plant was the best way forward. The PPP structure needed to be designed and consensus created.
- [Performance-based Contract for Water and Sanitation Utility, Mexico](https://castalia-advisors.com/performance-based-contract-for-water-and-sanitation-utility-mexico/) - Mexico City was experiencing inadequate water service quality and poor technical and commercial efficiency. SACMEX, the public utility providing water and sanitation services to Mexico City, sought to replace existing commercial out-sourcing contracts with performance-based PPP contracts to improve service quality and affordability.
- [Regulatory Due Diligence for Oil Pipeline Purchase, Colombia](https://castalia-advisors.com/regulatory-due-diligence-for-oil-pipeline-purchase-colombia/) - I Squared was interested in purchasing an equity stake of in oil pipeline owned by Oleoducto Central S.A. (OCENSA), a midstream subsidiary of ECOPETROL, the national oil company. The pipeline connects Colombia’s most prolific oil basins with the country’s main crude oil export terminal and acts as a gateway to the country’s largest refineries. The investor needed to understand the revenue model and regulatory risk as part of its due diligence.
- [Regulatory and Financial Due Diligence on 2,459-mile Natural Gas Pipeline, Colombia](https://castalia-advisors.com/regulatory-and-financial-due-diligence-on-2459-mile-natural-gas-pipeline-colombia/) - The Ontario Teacher’s Pension Plan needed regulatory and financial due diligence on TGI, the largest natural gas company in Colombia, to inform its decision to bid for a controlling interest in the company.
- [Market Due Diligence on 905MW of Generation Assets, Dominican Republic](https://castalia-advisors.com/market-due-diligence-on-905mw-of-generation-assets-dominican-republic/) - Darby’s FINTRA fund was planning to acquire an equity stake in EGE Haina, a generation company that provided around 20 percent of the Dominican Republic’s electricity from a 600MW gas-fired power plant and 305MW of other generation. However, there was substantial uncertainty about the future evolution of the country’s electricity market.
- [Assessing Financial Mechanisms to Expand Distributed Generation and Energy Efficiency, Caribbean Region](https://castalia-advisors.com/assessing-financial-mechanisms-to-expand-distributed-generation-and-energy-efficiency-caribbean-region/) - IDB Invest is helping the Caribbean Energy Finance Company Limited (CEFCL), a fund that offers leasing for distributed generation and energy efficiency in Jamaica, identify investment opportunities that it could pursue to expand its business model in other Caribbean countries.
- [Sustainable Energy Facility for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Projects, Eastern Caribbean](https://castalia-advisors.com/sustainable-energy-facility-for-renewable-energy-and-energy-efficiency-projects-eastern-caribbean/) - The Inter-American Development Bank and the Caribbean Development Bank wanted to facilitate the flow of finance to renewable energy and energy efficiency opportunities in the Eastern Caribbean.
- [Blended Finance for Geothermal Development, Caribbean Region](https://castalia-advisors.com/blended-finance-for-geothermal-development-caribbean-region/) - Eastern Caribbean islands have massive geothermal resources that they were not developing due to drilling risk, lack of capacity, and concerns about off-taker credit risk.
- [Developing a Blended Financing Mechanism for Energy Efficiency Projects in the Water Sector, Mexico](https://castalia-advisors.com/developing-a-blended-financing-mechanism-for-energy-efficiency-projects-in-the-water-sector-mexico/) - Mexico’s National Water Commission (CONAGUA) wanted to address the technical and commercial inefficiencies of Mexico’s water and sanitation utilities. However, it needed advice on which financing mechanisms would achieve this goal.
- [Credit Line and Technical Assistance for the Blended Finance of Clean Energy, Colombia](https://castalia-advisors.com/credit-line-and-technical-assistance-for-the-blended-finance-of-clean-energy-colombia/) - Colombia had significant renewable energy potential, yet little progress had been made on its transition due to a lack of financial support. KfW wanted to develop a credit line to back renewable energy and energy efficiency projects in Colombia, channeled through Bancóldex, but first needed to know the feasibility of such a program.
- [Regulatory advisory for Maui gas pipeline acquisition](https://castalia-advisors.com/regulatory-advisory-for-maui-gas-pipeline-acquisition/) - Castalia developed investment roadmaps containing practical steps and tangible projects aligned with Samoa’s and Tuvalu’s NDC goals to accelerate the implementation of their NDCs to global climate action under the Paris Agreement.
- [Jonathan Walters interviews ACWA about the DEWA 700MW CSP Project](https://castalia-advisors.com/walter-interveiws-awca/) - Jonathan Walters interviews Paddy Padmanthan about the DEWA 700MW CSP Project
- [Nationally Determined Contribution Enhancement in Samoa and Tuvalu](https://castalia-advisors.com/nationally-determined-contribution-enhancement-in-samoa-and-tuvalu/) - To enhance Samoa’s and Tuvalu’s commitments to climate change action under the Paris Agreement, Castalia drafted an enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) for Samoa and undertook foundational research for Tuvalu’s enhanced NDC.
- [NZ DOC Living Water Economic Evaluation](https://castalia-advisors.com/nz-doc-living-water-economic-evaluation/) - Castalia evaluated the environmental and economic impacts of the Living Water program in the Waituna catchment, an ecologically and culturally significant area in the Southland region for the New Zealand Department of Conservation.
- [Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) Investment Roadmaps](https://castalia-advisors.com/nationally-determined-contributions-ndc-investment-roadmaps/) - Castalia developed investment roadmaps containing practical steps and tangible projects aligned with Samoa’s and Tuvalu’s NDC goals to accelerate the implementation of their NDCs to global climate action under the Paris Agreement.
- [IFC Climate Upstream Workshops, Brazil, Ethiopia, Indonesia](https://castalia-advisors.com/ifc-climate-upstream-workshops-brazil-ethiopia-indonesia/) - To identify Upstream initiatives that would create new markets for investments that addressed climate change, Castalia ran a series of ideation workshops and identified large-scale Upstream Investment opportunities for the IFC.
- [Designing PPPs in Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency, Barbados](https://castalia-advisors.com/designing-ppps-in-renewable-energy-and-energy-efficiency-barbados/) - Castalia created a procurement strategy, designed performance-based contracts for renewable energy and energy efficiency projects, and delivered training on designing, structuring, and negotiating PPPs to help the Government of Barbados implement privately financed energy efficiency and renewable energy projects.
- [Non-revenue Water Performance Based Contracts](https://castalia-advisors.com/non-revenue-water-performance-based-contracts-2/) - Castalia co-authored the World Bank published operational manual The Use of Performance-Based Contracts for Nonrevenue Water Reduction: Output of the Global Program on Developing Good PBC Practices for Managing NRW. This loss of non-revenue water (NRW) prevents utilities from improving services or expanding access. Sometimes, high NRW leads to water rationing which often causes contamination of the network and unsafe drinking water.
- [Castalia conducts NDC Roadmap and Investment Plan workshop in Tonga](https://castalia-advisors.com/roadmap-and-investment-plan-workshop-in-tonga/)
- [Reforming Bermuda’s Electricity Sector Overhaul](https://castalia-advisors.com/reforming-bermudas-electricity-sector-overhaul/) - Castalia led a comprehensive advisory that reformed Bermuda’s electricity sector, created a new Electricity Sector Policy and the New Electricity Act, a Fuels Policy, and allowed completing its first Integrated Resource Plan and procuring the first large-scale solar PV project. Bermuda needed to overhaul its electricity sector regulatory framework to attract large-scale renewable and alternative fuel projects to reduce its emissions from burning fossil fuels.
- [Hydrogen Modelling Study](https://castalia-advisors.com/hydrogen-modelling-study/) - MBIE was seeking consultants to provide an in-depth analysis of the actions necessary to catalyze investment in hydrogen. Castalia delivered detailed modelling and analysis for the supply, demand, and distribution of hydrogen in New Zealand and potential export markets. We prepared a high-level, user-friendly online modelling tool to enable stakeholders to understand implications for hydrogen based on their own assumptions.
- [The World Bank published the Utility of the Future report following Castalia’s work on the UoF diagnostic tool and methodology.](https://castalia-advisors.com/utilityofthefuturereport/)
- [Castalia presents ninth annual Renewable Islands Index and Marketplace at CREF](https://castalia-advisors.com/cref-2020/) - Castalia presented the ninth annual Renewable Energy Island Ranking, an index that ranks Caribbean jurisdictions by investment and success in developing renewable energy.
- [IFC announces six pilot Public-Private Partnerships following Castalia’s work on mobilizing private finance in Ukraine’s roads sector](https://castalia-advisors.com/ukraine-roads-ppp/) - Working with IFC and the World Bank, Castalia developed a new business model for Ukraine’s roads sector. We recommended funding and contracting models for PPPs to deliver efficient financing and delivery of needed upgrades and maintenance of Ukraine’s roads.
- [Comparative analysis of business continuity and employment protection programs around the world](https://castalia-advisors.com/employment-protection-programs/) - Governments around the world are shutting down businesses to slow the COVID-19 pandemic, while simultaneously trying to maintain employment and prevent widespread business bankruptcies. This post contrasts government responses in the five countries in which Castalia has offices: the USA, Australia, New Zealand, France and Colombia. Government responses fall into two main categories: business continuity
- [NZ Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment publishes Castalia’s economic model for New Zealand Hydrogen Roadmap](https://castalia-advisors.com/mbie-hydrogen-model/)
- [Expert Evidence on Fixed Line Access Determinations, Australia](https://castalia-advisors.com/expert-evidence-on-fixed-line-access-determinations/) - Castalia helped Telstra argue for continued exemption from wholesale price regulation where competitive supply existed. Telstra’s competitors wanted the ACCC to force it to sell them wholesale services at regulated prices.
- [Suriname Electricity Sector Plan](https://castalia-advisors.com/suriname-electricity-sector-plan/) - Castalia developed an Electricity Sector Plan for Suriname which set out the financial, technical, institutional and governance steps to connect unelectrified households. More than 50,000 people lacked electricity service in Suriname, despite the country having more than $880 million in subsidies to the electricity sector over five years.
- [Development of the Cervena Venison Appellation, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/development-of-the-cervena-venison-appellation-new-zealand/) - Castalia recommended turning a poorly coordinated Cervena Appellation into a brand under a consolidated ownership structure to increase value of New Zealand venison exports. A New Zealand venison brand would be valuable, but the Cervena Appellation failed to deliver the benefits, despite requiring compulsory subscription by deer farmers.
- [PPP Center for Excellence, Solomon Islands](https://castalia-advisors.com/ppp-center-for-excellence/) - Castalia worked with the Government of the Solomon Islands to set up a PPP Center of Excellence and pipeline of projects. The Government had identified PPPs as an important additional procurement and financing method to address the infrastructure deficit, but lacked the capacity to implement PPPs.
- [Education PPP Training, Uruguay](https://castalia-advisors.com/education-ppp-training/) - Castalia trained Uruguay government officials on managing PPP contracts for education facilities. The Government of Uruguay needed to build capacity after signing the country’s first education PPP.
- [Force majeure in the power sector](https://castalia-advisors.com/force-majeure-power/)
- [Cost Benefit Analysis of New Zealand’s Broadband Strategy](https://castalia-advisors.com/cost-benefit-analysis-of-new-zealands-broadband-strategy/) - Castalia advised on the costs, benefits, and optimal design of a subsidy scheme to expand broadband access in New Zealand. Telecommunications service providers wanted to ensure that the scheme did not distort competition or waste resources.
- [Frequently Asked Questions about designing a liquidity facility](https://castalia-advisors.com/faq-liquidity-facilities/) - Last week Castalia posted a blog about how Liquidity Facilities could be the solution to providing emergency financial support to water utilities in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. We received a lot of interesting comments about the relevance of this topic (for example, U.S. water utilities actively lobbying Congress to get stimulus money to compensate
- [Second update on the spreadsheet-based pandemic model for COVID-19](https://castalia-advisors.com/spreadsheet-model-3/) - This is Clive Harrison's second update to his spreadsheet-based pandemic model. The original model was posted on this blog on April 22 and the first update was posted on May 4. The disease was spreading too quickly in my updated model. The proportion of asymptomatics is not as high as I believed the Swedish data was
- [Castalia advises on New Zealand Hydrogen Roadmap](https://castalia-advisors.com/nz-hydrogen-roadmap/) - Castalia is preparing detailed modelling for to inform New Zealand’s hydrogen pathway for the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment
- [Water utilities strapped for cash? Liquidity facilities could be the solution](https://castalia-advisors.com/liquidity-facilities-water-utility/) - Water utilities are critical for fighting COVID-19 In the absence of a vaccine or treatment for COVID-19, there is no better cure than prevention. Access to water, especially for hand-washing, (along with social distancing) is proven to be the most important method in preventing the spread of the pandemic, particularly in high density, low income
- [The power sector and COVID-19: Planning for a sustainable recovery](https://castalia-advisors.com/sustainable-recovery-power-sector/) - [This post first appeared on World Bank Blogs on June 3.] A recent blog by Stéphane Hallegatte and Stephen Hammer has already generated debate about how to undertake pandemic recovery stimulus packages in ways that support ongoing momentum toward a decarbonized world. This piece builds on that analysis, focusing on the role of the power sector. Governments
- [Operating license awarded for 6MW solar project in Bermuda](https://castalia-advisors.com/bermuda-solar-pv-advisory/)
- [Optimal lockdown restrictions in the Antipodes](https://castalia-advisors.com/anz-optimal-lockdown-restrictions/) - As New Zealand implements further relaxation of lockdown restrictions it is timely to consider what optimal pandemic response strategies are, in light of experience in the antipodes, and how they might be evaluated. NZ has suspended the normal process of quality evaluation of regulatory impositions via its Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) process for the
- [Comparing electric utility responses to COVID-19](https://castalia-advisors.com/electric-utility-response/) - Electricity plays a critical role in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. It is an essential service that powers hospital, homes, and businesses. In the long run, provision of reliable and affordable power will play a key role in the immense economic recovery that will be needed in the wake of the pandemic. In the
- [Update on the spreadsheet-based pandemic model for COVID-19](https://castalia-advisors.com/spreadsheet-model-2/) - Clive Harrison has updated his spreadsheet-based pandemic model that was posted on this blog on April 22. I had a problem with the daily mortality data for Sweden last week, it became very irregular and it looked as though there was a weekly dip in daily deaths. This didn't make any sense and then I
- [After the lockdown](https://castalia-advisors.com/blog-after-the-lockdown/) - As the costs of regulatory responses to COVID 19 mount, we have developed a framework analyzing which measures governments should adopt, when, and for how long. How do we plan the next phase of the fight against COVID 19? As New Zealand begins its second week of lockdown, with only essential services operating, some
- [Comparing the New Zealand and Australian states’ responses to COVID-19](https://castalia-advisors.com/comparing-the-new-zealand-and-australian-states-responses-to-covid-19/) - Castalia compares the New Zealand and Australian States’ Responses to COVID-19
- [Checklist for identifying risks to water service provision](https://castalia-advisors.com/risk-identification-checklist/) - Water providers are on the front line fighting COVID19. Everyone needs water for hand-washing. People who are locked down or self-isolating need water at home. Yet in many places, water supply arrangements create risk. Groups gathered around a standpipe or water kiosk can quickly spread infection. So can water vendors going door to door. Water
- [Assessing the impact of force majeure on emerging markets PPPs](https://castalia-advisors.com/force-majeure-ppp-2/)
- [Comparing COVID-19 rules for water utility tariffs, bill payment and disconnections imposed by state and national governments](https://castalia-advisors.com/water-utility-tariffs/) - In the absence of a cure or vaccine for COVID-19, governments and institutions such as the World Health Organization have turned to globally-endorsed COVID-19 prevention guidelines, primarily, regular hand-washing and other hygiene practices, to slow the spread of the virus. Provision of safe and uninterrupted water services, so no one is left behind, is a
- [Spreadsheet-based pandemic model for COVID-19](https://castalia-advisors.com/pandemic-model/) - Clive Harrison is an old friend and a water sector professional with a fine gasp of modelling that get to the essence of complex problems even when the data is poor. While stuck in Poland because of travel restrictions due to COVID-19, he turned to modeling to understand the pandemic. The result was an easy-to-use
- [Privately financed performance-based contracts for non-revenue water in the Americas post COVID-19](https://castalia-advisors.com/nrw-pbc-covid19/) - Castalia's Chef Executive, David Ehrhardt, delivered a webinar on the role of privately-financed performance-based contracts(PBC) for non-revenue water (NRW) reduction in response to COVID-19, both from the perspective of improving public health and restarting the economy. This webinar was hosted by the International Water Association's Water Loss Specialist Group.
- [Electricity Market Security of Supply, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/electricity-market-security-of-supply-new-zealand/) - Castalia advised on the optimal level of security of electricity supply for New Zealand, and how best to achieve it. Variations in rainfall and snow-melt exposed New Zealand’s hydro-dominated electricity system to risk of energy shortages.
- [JIRAMA Power Sector Turnaround, Madagascar](https://castalia-advisors.com/jirama-power-sector-turnaround-madagascar/) - Castalia financial and operational turnaround plan for JIRAMA, the national power utility in Madagascar. JIRAMA was losing around US$160 million per year, and unable to extend service across the country.
- [JIRAMA Power Sector Fiscal Management Tool, Madagascar](https://castalia-advisors.com/jirama-power-sector-fiscal-management-tool-madagascar/) - Castalia developed a fiscal management tool to help the Government of Madagascar monitor and manage fiscal risk in the sector. The government was subsidizing JIRAMA to keep it operating, while the utility was building up arrears and unable to finance much-needed capital expenditure.
- [Jamaica Water Policy and Rural Water Strategy](https://castalia-advisors.com/jamaica-water-policy-and-rural-water-strategy/) - Castalia drafted Jamaica’s Water Policy and Rural Water Strategy. Jamaica needed to make its water supply sustainable through: developing Integrated Water Resource Management approaches; ensuring cost-recovery; enabling private investment and competition; and using optimal technologies for rural water supply.
- [Renewable Energy Arbitrations Against the Kingdom of Spain](https://castalia-advisors.com/renewable-energy-arbitrations-against-the-kingdom-of-spain/) - Castalia undertook case studies of international experience to determine if the market reform that the Kingdom of Spain had commenced breached investors’ legitimate expectations about protection of their returns. When the electricity sector was in crisis in 2012, Spain pursued wide-ranging reforms. Solar PV IPPs claimed that these reforms breached bilateral investment treaties.
- [Privatization of the Port of Newcastle, Australia](https://castalia-advisors.com/privatization-of-the-port-of-newcastle-australia/) - Castalia helped the Newcastle Port Consortium prepare a growth strategy for the Port of Newcastle. The Government of New South Wales was going to privatize the Port of Newcastle and the Consortium, made up of local business people with commitment to city and the Port, was interested in aligning with a bidder that would seek to implement a growth strategy to ensure the best outcome for the community.
- [Evaluation of Facility to Promote Health PPPs, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/evaluation-of-facility-to-promote-health-ppps-new-zealand/) - Castalia assessed the effectiveness of the Pilot Health PPP Advisory Facility. International donors for the Facility wanted to know if their money was well spent.
- [Reviewing the Single Buyer Model for the Electricity Market, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/reviewing-the-single-buyer-model-for-the-electricity-market-new-zealand/) - Castalia showed there was no evidence that a single-buyer of electricity would improve upon the wholesale electricity market. Opposition parties in New Zealand campaigned on a platform of introducing a single buyer.
- [Model for Private Finance of Power Transmission, Africa](https://castalia-advisors.com/model-for-private-finance-of-power-transmission/) - Castalia wrote Linking Up: Public-Private Partnerships in Power Transmission in Africa, a guide to enabling private finance of electricity transmission infrastructure in Africa. Reliance on public finance had constrained investment in power transmission, with the result that electricity was more expensive and less reliable than it should be.
- [Raising Viability Gap Funding for Biomass Plant, Côte d’Ivoire](https://castalia-advisors.com/raising-viability-gap-funding-for-biomass-plant/) - Castalia helped a private equity firm identify organizations able to provide viability gap funding for 46 MW biomass plant in Côte d’Ivoire. The government of Côte d’Ivoire’s expectations for the tariff to be paid for power from the biomass plant created a viability gap which needed grant funding to close.
- [Review of the Electricity Pricing Commissioner’s Power, Australia](https://castalia-advisors.com/review-of-the-electricity-pricing-commissioner-power/) - Castalia provided an independent opinion to the New South Wales Government and Parliament on the adequacy of the powers of the new Electricity Price Commissioner. The Government promised that a planned electricity privatization would not increase electricity prices, but there was concern that the Electricity Price Commissioner, charged with ensuring this, lacked the necessary powers.
- [New Zealand’s Three-Water Infrastructure Stocktake](https://castalia-advisors.com/new-zealand-three-water-infrastructure-stocktake/) - Castalia carried out a stocktake of New Zealand’s stormwater infrastructure and wrote an issues paper that described the complexity of stormwater management across the country. New Zealand’s local government lacked an updated stocktake of their stormwater infrastructure which impeded their ability to manage infrastructure for potable, waste, and stormwater (three-waters infrastructure) and prevent flooding and freshwater pollution.
- [Competition Analysis for Merger of the Port of Tauranga and Ports of Auckland, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/competition-analysis-for-merger-of-the-port-of-tauranga-and-ports-of-auckland-new-zealand/) - Castalia developed a strategy to gain competition authority approval for a merger between the Ports of Auckland and the neighboring Port of Tauranga. To prevent harmful competition that was leading to wasteful duplication of capacity, the two ports wanted to merge, so they coordinate investment.
- [Standard Management Contract for Water and Electricity Utilities](https://castalia-advisors.com/standard-management-contract-for-water-and-electricity-utilities/) - Castalia developed a standard contract and bidding documents for performance-based management of utilities. Water and electricity utilities in emerging markets often suffer from poor management. A standard utility management contract makes it easier to bring in specialist management teams to turnaround these utilities.
- [Water Sector Regulation Notes](https://castalia-advisors.com/water-sector-regulation-notes-2/) - Castalia wrote six explanatory notes on key topics in water supply and sanitation sector regulation to clarify the meaning of key terms, and to provide a foundation for effective regulation. Although policy makers agree that regulation is key to reforming water utilities worldwide, they disagree on the best approach to regulation in various situations. Many lack a clear, consistent, way of thinking about regulatory design.
- [ICT Regulation Toolkit](https://castalia-advisors.com/ict-regulation-toolkit/) - Castalia developed a Toolkit on Regulation for Competition, Interconnection and Pricing for the International Telecommunications Union. To enable all governments and regulators to draw on lessons of global experience in how to design regulation that promotes inter-connection, competition and efficient pricing for diverse telecommunications services.
- [Water Resource Regulatory Framework, Philippines](https://castalia-advisors.com/water-resource-regulatory-framework-philippines/) - Castalia defined water allocation principles for the National Water Resources Board in the Philippines that were socially acceptable and economically efficient for both urban and agricultural users. The National Water Resources Board (NWRB) is the agency responsible for regulation of water resources in the Philippines. There were no accepted rules for allocating scarce water between different users which was causing tension.
- [Feasibility and Structuring of Ninh Binh—Bai Vot Expressway, Vietnam](https://castalia-advisors.com/feasibility-and-structuring-of-ninh-binh-bai-vot-expressway-vietnam/) - Castalia helped the Government of Vietnam assess and structure the country’s first-planned expressway PPP. Slow, congested inter-city roads hindered mobility and development, and fiscal constraints limited options for public funding of highways.
- [Christchurch Airport Price Review, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/christchurch-airport-price-review-new-zealand/) - Castalia developed a building blocks model to assess efficient costs of Christchurch Airport’s new terminal. We proposed prices that the airport should charge airlines to recover the cost of the new terminal facility. Christchurch Airport was investing in a new terminal because the number passengers exceeded the capacity of the existing terminal.
- [Review of Vertical Integration between Generation and Retail in the Electricity Market, Australia](https://castalia-advisors.com/review-of-vertical-integration-between-generation-and-retail-in-the-electricity-market-australia/) - Castalia examined the impact of vertical integration in the Australian electricity market. Regulators and policy makers were concerned that vertical integration was reducing competition.
- [Market Study for Infrastructure Opportunities, Colombia and Panama](https://castalia-advisors.com/market-study-for-infrastructure-opportunities-colombia-and-panama/) - Castalia conducted a market study for Conalvías and recommended a strategy to increase market share in four sectors in Panamá. The construction company was looking for infrastructure opportunities in the energy, mining, transport, and water sectors.
- [Jamaica Renewables Tender](https://castalia-advisors.com/jamaica-renewables-tender/) - Castalia helped WRB Enterprises prepare a successful bid to develop a 20 MW photovoltaic generation facility in Jamaica. WRB Enterprises was not familiar with Jamaica and needed support navigating the regulatory system, assessing risk, acquiring a suitable site, and getting environmental clearances.
- [Review of Capital Expenditure Guidelines for Electricity Distributors, Australia](https://castalia-advisors.com/review-of-capital-expenditure-guidelines-for-electricity-distributors-australia/) - Castalia showed how Australian Energy Regulator’s guidelines for capital expenditure reviews would increase risk for distribution businesses. Five private electricity distribution companies wanted to be sure the new guidelines embodied best regulatory practice.
- [National Ports Regulator Technical Assistance, Vanuatu](https://castalia-advisors.com/national-ports-regulator-technical-assistance-vanuatu/) - Castalia established the rationale for economic regulation of ports in Vanuatu, along with the framework of the regulating agency. The Government of Vanuatu did not have the institutional capacity to regulate the economic activity of its ports and manage the concession contracts for the assets it wanted to lease to the private sector.
- [TIFIA Portsmouth Bypass PPP Advisory, USA](https://castalia-advisors.com/tifia-portsmouth-bypass-ppp-advisory-usa/) - Castalia assessed the creditworthiness of a highway project to relieve congestion in Ohio, and recommended approving private financing. Due to fiscal, the Ohio Department of Transportation sought private funding help with the Portsmouth Bypass project, requesting a loan of US$230 million from the Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act (TIFIA).
- [Competition Effects of Physiotherapy Contracts, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/competition-effects-of-physiotherapy-contracts-new-zealand/) - Castalia gave expert evidence that a new contracting model to pay physiotherapists did not breach competition law. Physiotherapists had claimed that the new contracts, which prevented them from charging patients additional out-of-pocket fees, limited competition and amounted to price-fixing.
- [Securing Private Participation in Regional Electricity Distribution Cooperatives, Philippines](https://castalia-advisors.com/securing-private-participation-in-regional-electricity-distribution-cooperatives-philippines/) - Castalia designed a model for private sector participation in the Philippines’ rural electric cooperatives to attract operational expertise and finance for development. Many rural electrification cooperatives in the Philippines were struggling as a result of poor management and lack of finance.
- [Valuing Contact Energy for an Investor, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/valuing-contact-energy-for-an-investor-new-zealand/) - Castalia advised an international strategic investor on its bid for a controlling stake in Contact Energy, one of New Zealand’s biggest energy providers. Our client needed a deep understanding of pricing, regulation and market rules in order to value Contact Energy.
- [Strategy and Policy for a Carbon Market in New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/strategy-and-policy-for-a-carbon-market-in-new-zealand/) - Castalia helped Shell New Zealand prepare its response to the draft New Zealand Energy Strategy. The proposed strategy created unnecessary risks for the energy security and development of natural gas reserves
- [Expert Evidence on Land Use Plan to Preserve Water Resources, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/expert-evidence-on-land-use-plan-to-preserve-water-resources-new-zealand/) - We analysed various options to preserve water quality in rivers and streams in Canterbury, New Zealand. The regional council promulgated a plan that would have limited sustainable plantation forestry, without having considered other options to preserve river flows.
- [Economic Advice to Bidder on $3.25 billion Generation and Retail Privatization](https://castalia-advisors.com/economic-advice-to-bidder-on-3-25-billion-generation-and-retail-privatization/) - Castalia helped Australia’s Origin Energy gain approval to bid for electricity retail and generation assets being privatized by the State of New South Wales. Origin already owned other power assets, so it had to show that acquiring more would not reduce competition.
- [Natural Gas Development: Open Access and On-Shore Uses, Papua New Guinea](https://castalia-advisors.com/natural-gas-development-open-access-and-on-shore-uses/) - Castalia developed policies requiring firms exporting natural gas from Papua New Guinea to also supply on-shore customers, and to allow other firms to access their pipelines. While PNG’s natural gas export business was flourishing, local customers could not access gas, and smaller fields were not being developed due to lack of pipeline access.
- [PPP Project Screening and Prioritization for Kenya](https://castalia-advisors.com/ppp-project-screening-and-prioritization-for-kenya/) - Castalia identified a set of 15 first-mover PPP projects across 6 sectors from the Government of Kenya’s existing PPP pipeline and new candidate projects. We trained government officials on PPP project preparation, evaluation, and coordination processes. Despite an improved framework for PPPs, PPP projects in Kenya were not reaching financial close. The Government of Kenya was incurring costs in preparing projects, and people in Kenya were not receiving essential infrastructure services.
- [Freight Forecast Due Diligence for Inland Multimodal Terminal, Australia](https://castalia-advisors.com/freight-forecast-due-diligence-for-inland-multimodal-terminal-australia/) - Castalia performed due diligence on the proposed intermodal freight terminal at Moorebank in Sydney. To support the investment required, project developers needed independently verified freight projections.
- [New Zealand’s “shovel-ready” approach to infrastructure-led stimulus could benefit developing countries](https://castalia-advisors.com/shovel-ready-infrastructure-nz/) - Many governments are concerned about how to stimulate economic activity once the COVID-19 health crisis is in a manageable state. This blog examines New Zealand’s unique stimulus approach, which focuses on “shovel-ready” infrastructure. This approach promises to stimulate economic activity while minimizing risks of wasteful spending. The New Zealand approach could inform how governments and
- [Castalia provides regulatory support to Micronesia Telecommunications Regulatory Authority](https://castalia-advisors.com/castalia-fsm-regulatory-support/) - Castalia will help the first independent regulator in the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) carry out its functions and build capacity.
- [Post COVID-19 world](https://castalia-advisors.com/post-covid-world/) - As countries around the world are agonizing about how tough the forced closures and lock-downs should be and how long they should last, it may seem premature to think about what the world economy will look like after the end of the pandemic (most likely, after an effective vaccine is generally available in the next
- [About this blog](https://castalia-advisors.com/welcome-to-castalia-blog/)
- [Castalia contributes to planning and investment in Suriname’s electricity sector](https://castalia-advisors.com/castalia-contributes-to-planning-and-investment-in-surinames-electricity-sector/) - Castalia’s pre-feasibility report on transmission and distribution projects informed Inter-American Development Bank’s loan proposal and helped direct IDB investment to Suriname’s electricity sector.
- [Castalia conducts solar PV workshop in Turkey](https://castalia-advisors.com/castalia-conducts-solar-pv-workshop-in-turkey/) - A Castalia team presented their findings from financial and economic analysis of rooftop solar PV projects in a workshop in Turkey on October 25, 2019.
- [Castalia Presents 8th annual Renewable Islands Index and Marketplace at CREF](https://castalia-advisors.com/castalia-presents-8th-annual-renewable-islands-index-and-marketplace-at-cref/) - Castalia presented the eighth annual Renewable Energy Island Ranking, an index that ranks Caribbean jurisdictions by investment and success in developing renewable energy.
- [Transmission Access Paper Picked Up by RenewEconomy](https://castalia-advisors.com/transmission-access-paper-picked-up-by-reneweconomy/) - Castalia recommends a simpler and more effective approach to transmission pricing and the energy transition in Australia in a report appended to the Origin Energy submission.
- [World Bank Publishes Study: Mini Grids for Half a Billion People](https://castalia-advisors.com/world-bank-publishes-study-mini-grids-for-half-a-billion-people/) - The World Bank has published Mini Grids for Half a Billion People: Market Outlook and Handbook for Decision Makers, the most comprehensive study on mini grids to date. It provides policy makers, investors and developers with insights on how mini grids can be scaled up to reach universal electricity access by 2030.
- [Ukraine Launches Concession Tenders for Ports of Olvia and Kherson](https://castalia-advisors.com/ukraine-launches-concession-tenders-for-ports-of-olvia-and-kherson/) - Ukraine’s Ministry of Infrastructure has launched the tenders for concessions for the port of Olvia and the port of Kherson. These two transactions are intended to pilot high quality public-private partnerships that both attract private investment and protect the interests of the public sector.
- [Details of the private sector led mini grid program in Nigeria](https://castalia-advisors.com/details-of-the-private-sector-led-mini-grid-program-in-nigeria/) - Electricity access remains low in Nigeria, with 80 million people without access, particularly in rural areas. To address this challenge, Nigeria’s Rural Electrification Agency (REA) is implementing the World Bank supported Nigeria Electrification Project (NEP), aiming to scale up investment in mini grid and off-grid solutions.
- [Tim Kennedy](https://castalia-advisors.com/journey-tim/)
- [Anton Murashev](https://castalia-advisors.com/journey-anton/)
- [Webinar: Organizing competitive tenders designed for tariff optimization](https://castalia-advisors.com/webinar-organizing-competitive-tenders/) - An in-depth discussion from experts about how to optimize your competitive tender to meet your specific objectives.
- [Webinar: What to do about stranded assets in conventional electricity generation](https://castalia-advisors.com/what-to-do-about-standard-assets-webinar/)
- [Sustainable Electricity Trade Initiative Underway](https://castalia-advisors.com/sustainable-energy-trade-initiative/) - Castalia is working with Artelys, EY, and Fraunhofer ISI on an initiative that seeks to promote renewable energy trade between Europe and North Africa. We are helping to establish a roadmap for sustainable electricity trade between France, Germany, Morocco, Portugal, and Spain.
- [CHINA*AFRICA Research Initiative](https://castalia-advisors.com/china-africa-research-initiative/) - Castalia’s CEO David Ehrhardt chairs panel on financing aspects of China’s contribution to African infrastructure, as part of China Africa Research Initiative conference at John Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS).
- [Castalia advises Sudan's PPP Unit](https://castalia-advisors.com/castalia-advises-sudans-ppp-unit/) - Castalia is supporting the Government of the Republic of Sudan in developing a new PPP policy and pipeline of viable PPP projects.
- [Castalia Obtained $1.1 Million USTDA Grant for Pele](https://castalia-advisors.com/castalia-obtains-grant-for-pele/) - Castalia secured a $1.1 million grant for Pele for the development of a 75 MW solar project in South Africa.
- [Castalia at the IDB/NWC Regional Water Finance Conference](https://castalia-advisors.com/castalia-at-idb-nwc-conference/) - Castalia presented a comparison of the performance of water utilities across the Caribbean at the Water Financing Conference held in Riu Montego, Jamaica, between 3-5 May.
- [Castalia presents the 6th annual Renewable Islands Index and Marketplace at CREF](https://castalia-advisors.com/castalia-presents-at-cref-2/) - Castalia presented the sixth annual Renewable Islands Index at the Caribbean Renewable Energy Forum (CREF).
- [Webinar: Tunisia Solar Market status update](https://castalia-advisors.com/webinar-tunisia-solar-market-status-update/) - This webinar looks into the current status of the renewable market in Tunisia and opportunities for companies along the supply chain.
- [Castalia developed Energy Master Plans for the Federated States of Micronesia](https://castalia-advisors.com/castalia-developed-plans-for-fsm/) - Castalia has been working closely with the national and state governments, utilities, and other stakeholders to develop State and National Energy Master Plans for the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM).
- [World Bank publishes Water Utility Turnaround Framework](https://castalia-advisors.com/water-utility-turnaround-framework-published/) - The World Bank publishes the Water Utility Turnaround Framework which was developed with a team from Castalia.
- [Nigeria’s Rural Electrification Agency Launches Minimum Subsidy Tender for Mini Grids](https://castalia-advisors.com/nigeria-rea-launches-minimun-subsidy-tender-for-mini-grids/) - Nigeria's Rural Electrification Agency issued an Invitation for Initial Selection for the first phase of a minimum subsidy tender.
- [Webinar: How Germany plans to phase out coal without losing all the coal jobs](https://castalia-advisors.com/germany-phases-out-coal-without-losing-coal-jobs/) - A discussion about Germany's commitment to competely decarbonize its national energy system and how that could affect jobs in the power plants and save emissions.

## Pages

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- [Setting tariffs and service standards](https://castalia-advisors.com/service-lines/set-utility-tariffs-and-service-standards/)
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- [Transportation](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors-all/transportation/)
- [Energy](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors-all/energy/)
- [_Service Lines](https://castalia-advisors.com/service-lines/)
- [Assessing competition and markets](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/transportation/assessing-competition-and-markets-transportation/) - Introducing competition to the provision of public services, by helping governments evaluate the benefits of competition in providing public services. We also help them develop sector approaches and PPP models to increase private investment, and to improve and maintain a high-quality service.
- [Blog | Assessment of Government policy responses](https://castalia-advisors.com/blog/assessment/)
- [Blog | Effects of the pandemic on infrastructure](https://castalia-advisors.com/blog/effects/)
- [Blog | Macroeconomic and trade effects of the pandemic](https://castalia-advisors.com/blog/macroeconomic/)
- [Transportation](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/transportation/)
- [Evaluating performance, learning and disseminating knowledge](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/social/evaluating-performance-social-services/) - We help clients with evaluating performance, learning and disseminating knowledge. We advise clients on best-practice service delivery models, and on utilizing private finance to provide social services and infrastructure. We generate databases based on desktop research, project outcomes, and interviews with relevant stakeholders, to identify lessons for performance improvement and increasing private participation.
- [Setting tariffs and service standards](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/water/setting-tariffs-and-service-standards/) - We help clients with setting tariffs that allow utilities to recover the cost of service and raise finance, while sending efficient signals for water conservation, and ensuring that water services remain affordable and high quality.
- [Public private partnership: Building institutions and capacity](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/social/public-private-partnership-social-services/) - We help clients with building institutions and capacity using public private partnership. We advise clients on how best to determine a project's PPP viability, and develop procurement systems consistent with policy objectives. We focus on maximizing value for money from government funds and leveraging private sector expertise and finance to achieve service outcomes.
- [Designing regulation](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/energy/designing-regulation-energy/) - Creating regulatory systems, so that natural monopoly elements in the energy sector are fairly priced, incentivized to be efficient, and able to attract the finance they need.
- [Blending private and public finance](https://castalia-advisors.com/services/investor/blending-public-private-investors/) - We help investors and asset holders to attract blended finance to infrastructure investments, through mechanisms such as Viability Gap Funding, Development Grants, Guarantees and other risk-sharing.
- [Blending private and public finance](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/energy/blending-private-and-public-finance-energy/) - Blending private and public finance into viable deal structures, combining government and multilateral grants, loans and guarantees with commercial finance to create bankable structures that deliver government policy objectives and appropriate risk-adjusted returns for investors.
- [Developing projects and pipelines](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/transportation/developing-projects-and-pipelines-transportation/) - Identifying projects that could be developed with private finance- both for governments and investors. We also help them calculate how to maximize the value of each dollar invested in improving transportation. Our advice has helped governments think about ways to increase investment in transportation subsectors, like free-access highways and urban roads, and how to prioritize existing project pipelines. We also share our knowledge of sectors and governments with investors, to increase interest in projects and to channel investment to projects and countries where investors can benefit.
- [Evaluating performance, learning and disseminating knowledge](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/energy/evaluating-performance-energy/) - Reviewing performance and learning lessons from energy sectors, using comparative case studies and counterfactual analysis to assess what works, where and why in energy sector reforms and projects.
- [Designing markets](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/energy/designing-markets/) - Creating energy markets, drawing on our expertise with multiple power and gas markets worldwide to design resilient markets that ensure secure supply, facilitate new technologies and reduce costs.
- [Planning infrastructure](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/energy/planning-infrastructure/) - Developing master plans and integrated resource plans, using our suite of planning and optimization models to combine transmission, generation, storage, and demand-response in ways that optimize security of supply, cost and environmental objectives. We use GIS-based models to plan electrification strategies involving grid expansion and mini-grids; and we plan institutional delivery and financing mechanisms.
- [Assessing competition and markets](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/telecommunications/assessing-competition-and-markets-telecommunications/) - Assessing market strategies and forecasting pricing trends and consumer behavior. We analyze the effects on competition of vertical integration between content and delivery platforms, which has played an important role in regulatory outcomes.
- [Assessing competition and markets](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/energy/assessing-competition-and-markets/) - Identifying competition problems in energy markets, using econometric and market models we assess if markets are being manipulated, whether mergers should be allowed, and where access to essential infrastructure should be mandated.
- [Appraising policies](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/telecommunications/appraising-policies-telecommunications/) - Appraising telecommunications sector policies, using economic tools to assess whether new policies will create a net social benefit.
- [Designing systems for resource and ecosystem management](https://castalia-advisors.com/services/investor/designing-systems-resource-ecosystem-management-energy/) - Resource management and environmental sustinability by advising on cap-and-trade systems for emissions, carbon taxes, renewable portfolio credits and other mechanisms designed to increase the sustainability of energy systems.
- [Designing regulation](https://castalia-advisors.com/services/investor/designing-regulation-investors/) - We help investors and asset holders to avoid problems with competition authorities, and protect themselves from market manipulation, as they implement their business strategies.
- [Designing regulation](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/natural-resources/designing-regulation-natural-resources/) - We help clients with creating regulatory systems, so that natural resources are developed in an effective, sustainable manner.
- [Providing expert evidence](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/natural-resources/providing-expert-evidence-natural-resources/) - We help clients by providing expert evidence, providing independent economic evidence to support planning applications and engagement in regulatory processes.
- [Appraising policies](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/energy/appraising-policies-energy/) - Appraising electricity sector policies using economic tools to assess whether new policies will create a net social benefit.
- [Appraising and diligencing projects and investments](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/transportation/appraising-and-diligencing-projects-and-investments-transportation-2/) - Appraising and diligencing projects and brownfield investments, using economic and financial models to forecast benefits, costs and cash flow; determining technical and environmental viability; identifying commercial, regulatory and political risk; and recommending strategies to manage risk.
- [Transforming enterprises and utilities](https://castalia-advisors.com/servicelinename-2/) - Improving performance of producer cooperatives and other natural resource enterprises.
- [Transforming enterprises and utilities](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/natural-resources/transforming-enterprises-and-utilities/) - We help clients with improving performance of producer cooperatives and other natural resource enterprises.
- [Transforming enterprises and utilities](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/energy/transforming-enterprises-and-utilities/) - Improving utility performance, bench marking efficiency, developing turnaround plans, reforming governance, and attracting commercial finance.
- [Appraising and diligencing projects and investments](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/transportation/appraising-and-diligencing-projects-and-investments-transportation/) - Appraising and diligencing projects and brownfield investments, using economic and financial models to forecast benefits, costs and cash flow; determining technical and environmental viability; identifying commercial, regulatory and political risk; and recommending strategies to manage risk.
- [Assessing competition and markets](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/social/assessing-competition-and-markets-social-services/) - We help clients with assessing how competition and markets drive social sector outcomes, by using economic and financial analysis to review the impact of market structures on competitive practice. Our work focuses on assessing whether current trends and outcomes are distorted by regulatory and profitability barriers for market entrance, and constraints to consumer choice.
- [Providing expert evidence](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/energy/providing-expert-evidence-energy/) - Expert evidence when disputes arise, providing authoritative, independent opinions on regulatory reasonableness.
- [Evaluating performance, learning and disseminating knowledge](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/water/evaluating-performance-water/) - We help clients with evaluating performance and disseminating lessons through systematic studies of institutional arrangements for water service provision to learn and communicate what works, where, and why
- [Blending private and public finance](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/transportation/blending-private-and-public-finance-transportation/) - Blending private and public finance into viable deal structures. We combine government and multilateral grants, loans and guarantees with commercial finance to create bankable structures that deliver government policy objectives and appropriate risk-adjusted returns for investors. We work with governments and multilateral agencies to develop creditworthy publicly financed payments to private investors, to reduce risk and increase total finance to projects.
- [Designing regulation](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/transportation/designing-regulation-transportation/) - Regulatory regimes for access to bottleneck infrastructure, such as ports and airport access rules. We assist regulated service providers and access seekers during regulatory processes.
- [Assessing competition and markets](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/water/assessing-competition-and-markets-water/) - We help clients to assess where it’s possible to bring competitive pressure to bear in water service provision and designing systems to do so optimally.
- [Appraising and diligencing projects and investments](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/energy/appraising-and-diligencing-projects-and-investments/) - Appraising and diligencing projects and brownfield investments using market and financial models to forecast costs and revenues. We determine technical, environmental and economic viability; identify commercial, regulatory and political risk; and recommend suitable strategies.
- [Energy](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/energy/)
- [Developing projects and pipelines](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/energy/developing-projects-and-pipelines/) - Developing projects and pipelines of projects, helping clients to identify sites, meet regulatory requirements and optimize project economics. We also assemble pipelines of projects for development, financing, or acquisition.
- [Developing projects and pipelines](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/water/developing-projects-and-pipelines-water/) - We help clients with developing pipelines of projects, using customized screening methodologies to prioritize projects and sequence them for investment, both for utilities and infrastructure investors.
- [Appraising policies](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/water/appraising-policies-water/) - We help clients with appraising water sector policies using economic tools to assess whether new policies will create a net social benefit.
- [Designing markets](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/water/designing-markets-water/) - We help clients with designing markets in water services and resources, (and also advising when markets are not the right solution) for water resources, water nutrient balances, and water supply.
- [Designing regulation](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/telecommunications/designing-regulation-telecommunications/) - Designing regulatory regimes for the national broadband networks, with a particular focus on rules for vertical integration, non-discrimination, and operating multi-technology platforms.
- [Fiscal management of infrastructure](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/energy/fiscal-management-of-infrastructure-energy/) - Monitoring and managing fiscal risks from the energy sector, by modelling hidden subsidies, contingent liabilities and future investment needs, creating early-warning systems, and recommending mitigation strategies.
- [Fiscal management of infrastructure](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/social/fiscal-management-of-infrastructure-social-services/) - We help clients with fiscal management of social infrastructure and programs: building systems and capacity. We work with fiscally constrained clients to ensure that social services and infrastructure attain results for the lowest capital and operational cost. We ensure that services and facilities can adapt to fast-changing needs and global challenges.
- [Fiscal management of infrastructure](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/transportation/fiscal-management-of-infrastructure-transportation/) - Government monitoring, managing and accounting for fiscal risks arising from PPP in the transport sector, by modeling contingent liabilities arising from minimum revenue guarantees and shadow tools.
- [Appraising and diligencing projects and investments](https://castalia-advisors.com/services/government/appraising-and-diligencing-projects-and-investments-govt/) - We help public sector and international agencies to appraise projects to see if they are viable economically, financially, technical, environmentally and socially.
- [Designing regulation](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/water/designing-regulation-water/) - We help clients to create regulatory systems that ensure high quality water services, at reasonable prices, while providing incentives for efficiency and the ability for utilities to raise finance.
- [Developing projects and pipelines](https://castalia-advisors.com/services/investor/developing-projects-investors/) - We help investors and asset holders to originate proprietary deal flow for investors, identifying and developing invest-able opportunities.
- [Appraising and diligencing projects and investments](https://castalia-advisors.com/services/investor/appraising-diligencing-investors/) - We help investors and asset holder to perform due diligence on the commercial, regulatory, market and political aspects of a proposed investment.
- [Providing expert evidence](https://castalia-advisors.com/services/investor/providing-evidence-investors/) - We help investors and asset holders by providing authoritative, independent expert testimony on competition, access to essential infrastructure, regulation and quantum of damages matters.
- [Setting tariffs and service standards](https://castalia-advisors.com/services/investor/setting-tariffs-investors/) - We help investors to make the case to regulators supporting the tariffs utilities need to earn reasonable profits and for the business flexibility utilities need to innovate and service customers.
- [Designing markets](https://castalia-advisors.com/services/investor/designing-markets-investors/) - We help investors and asset holders to advocate market designs that will enable investor returns while serving the public interest.
- [Assessing competition and markets](https://castalia-advisors.com/services/investor/assessing-competition-investors/) - We help investors and asset holders to avoid problems with competition authorities, and protect themselves from market manipulation, as they implement their business strategies.
- [Transforming enterprises and utilities](https://castalia-advisors.com/services/investor/transforming-enterprises-investors/) - Transform enterprises. We identify: business constraints, strategic assets, and market opportunities, then develop strategies that remove constraints, build on strategic assets, and maximize value from market opportunities.
- [Transforming sectors](https://castalia-advisors.com/services/investor/transforming-sectors-investors/) - We help investors and asset owners to profit from sector transformation caused by disruptive technologies and regulatory changes
- [Managing transactions](https://castalia-advisors.com/services/government/managing-transactions-govt/) - We help public sector and international agencies to manage transactions to attract private participation in public service provision. We structure projects, attract market interest, develop project documents, run tender processes, evaluate bids, assist in negotiations, and help government agencies get to financial close.
- [Managing stakeholders, building consensus](https://castalia-advisors.com/services/government/managing-stakeholders-govt/) - We help public sector and international agencies to manage stakeholders and build consensus for major reforms and important projects. We use a proprietary toolkit to analyse stakeholder interest, optimize communications, and broker consensus.
- [Providing expert evidence](https://castalia-advisors.com/services/government/providing-expert-evidence-govt/) - We help public sector and international agencies to protect their legitimate interest in disputes through expert evidence which ensures that policy and regulatory decisions are fairly evaluated and exaggerated claims for damages are rejected.
- [Designing systems for resource and ecosystem management](https://castalia-advisors.com/services/government/resource-and-eco-system-management-govt/) - We help public sector and international agencies to design systems for optimal management and allocation of natural resources such as water, land, fisheries and minerals. We work on economic and regulatory models that tackle the hardest resource management problems, including controlling nutrient balance in waterways and promoting biodiversity.
- [Evaluating performance, learning, and disseminating knowledge](https://castalia-advisors.com/services/government/evaluating-performance-govt/) - We help public sector and international agencies to evaluate past performance and learn lessons from their own experience and that of other places, so as to inform development of future policies and projects.
- [Developing projects and pipelines](https://castalia-advisors.com/services/government/developing-projects-and-pipelines-govt/) - We help public sector and international agencies to develop projects, and pipelines of projects, that create economic benefits and a financeable
- [Planning infrastructure](https://castalia-advisors.com/services/government/planning-infrastructure-govt/) - we help public sector and international agencies to develop master-plans and integrated resources plans in energy, water and transport. We focus on ensuring that plans that are practical, deliver the required benefits, are least cost, and financeable
- [Fiscal management of infrastructure: Building systems and capacity](https://castalia-advisors.com/services/government/fiscal-management-of-infrastructure-govt/) - We help public sector and international agencies to manage fiscal risk in infrastructure with appropriately designed tools and protocols that assess and manage fiscal risk at project, sector and whole-of-government level.
- [Public private partnership: Building institutions and capacity](https://castalia-advisors.com/services/government/ppp-building-institutions-and-capacity/) - We help public sector and international agencies to build institutional frameworks for public private partnerships which ensure that the right projects are selected, and the optimal finance and delivery mechanisms are used. We create systems that maximize value for money across the entire portfolio of projects and enable governments to deliver bankable projects.
- [Setting tariffs and service standards](https://castalia-advisors.com/services/government/setting-tariffs-and-service-standards-govt/) - We help public sector and international agencies to set tariffs and service standards for monopoly providers in ways that protect the public interest and provide incentives for continuing investment and innovation.
- [Designing regulation](https://castalia-advisors.com/services/government/designing-regulation-govt/) - we help public sector and international agencies to design regulation to control monopoly power and to limit negative externalities such as air and water pollution.
- [Designing markets](https://castalia-advisors.com/services/government/designing-markets-govt/) - we help public sector and international agencies to design markets for vital public services such as electricity, gas, housing and medicines.
- [Assessing competition and markets](https://castalia-advisors.com/services/government/assessing-competition-govt-2/) - we help public sector and international agencies to assess whether markets are competitive, and find practical ways to increase competition where this will benefit society as a whole
- [Transforming enterprises and utilities](https://castalia-advisors.com/services/government/transforming-enterprises-and-utilities-govt/) - We help public sector and international agencies to turn around the performance of public utilities and other enterprises.
- [Transforming sectors](https://castalia-advisors.com/services/government/transforming-sectors-govt/) - Transform sector performance through appropriate policies and sector designs in the energy, water, infrastructure, resources and other vital sectors
- [Governments, regulators and international agencies](https://castalia-advisors.com/services/government/)
- [Investors and companies](https://castalia-advisors.com/services/investor/)
- [Terms](https://castalia-advisors.com/welcome-to-castalia-2/terms/) - Terms of Use Castalia and its affiliates (“Castalia” or “we”) provides its content on its website that post a link to this Terms of Use (the “Site”) subject to the following terms and conditions (the “Terms”). We may periodically change the Terms without prior notice, so please check back from time to time. These Terms
- [Privacy Policy](https://castalia-advisors.com/welcome-to-castalia-2/privacy/) - Privacy Policy Castalia (collectively, “Castalia”, “us” or “we”) understand that your privacy is important to you. We are committed to respecting your privacy and protecting your personal data, which is any information that is capable of identifying you as an individual person. This Privacy Policy describes how we handle and protect your personal data in
- [Transforming sectors](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/energy/transforming-sectors-energy/) - Transforming energy sectors, taking advantage of disruptive technologies, increasing resilience and sustainability, and minimizing costs and fiscal risks, while enabling access for all.
- [Projects Archive](https://castalia-advisors.com/projects-archive/)
- [Natural resources](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/natural-resources/)
- [Telecommunications](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/telecommunications/)
- [Infrastructure and markets for social services](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/social/)
- [Water](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/water/)
- [Credits](https://castalia-advisors.com/credits/)
- [Evaluating performance, learning and disseminating knowledge](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/transportation/evaluating-performance-transportation/) - Rethinking how they structure transport projects for private investment. We have developed guidance materials for multilateral development banks and governments, to help them rethink how they structure transport projects for private investment that draws from international experience. The materials coach readers through steps to distribute responsibilities between public and private stakeholders, to identify risks, then to structure a bankable project using existing financial and credit enhancement mechanisms.
- [Assessing competition and markets](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/natural-resources/assessing-competition-and-markets-natural-resources/) - We help clients with economic analysis of competition in natural resource markets, including submissions and evidence to support engagement with anti-trust authorities.
- [Managing stakeholders, building consensus](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/natural-resources/managing-stakeholders-building-consensus-natural-resources/) - We help clients with managing stakeholders and building consensus, so that government, business, and community stakeholders take ownership of natural resource management and find solutions that balance the different interests at stake.
- [Designing systems for resource and ecosystem management](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/natural-resources/designing-systems-resource-ecosystem-management-natural-resources/) - We help clients with designing systems for resource and ecosystems management, building on our long-standing expertise in systems for optimal allocation of natural resources such as water, land, fisheries, and minerals. We are now working on optimal mechanisms to protect ecosystems, for example by influencing the resource balance in waterways, or promoting biodiversity.
- [Developing projects and pipelines](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/social/developing-projects-and-pipelines-social-services/) - We help clients with developing social services and infrastructure pipelines, ensuring that project pipelines identify, screen and prioritize social services and infrastructure based on suitability. We also help clients apply the most efficient structures.
- [Managing transactions](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/social/managing-transaction-social-services/) - We help clients with managing transactions, by carrying social infrastructure and service projects through to financial close, while protecting the public interest and ensuring transparency.
- [Managing transactions](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/energy/managing-transactions-energy/) - Managing transactions, carrying sustainable energy projects through to financial close, while protecting the public interest and ensuring transparency.
- [Appraising policies](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/social/appraising-policies-social-services/) - We help clients with appraising social policy, by evaluating social service and infrastructure policies. We assess whether policies are designed to facilitate successful markets, or if unintended consequences create adverse outcomes.
- [Planning infrastructure](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/water/planning-infrastructure-water/) - We help clients with developing master plans using least cost modeling and scenario-planning to arrive at strategies that are robust to climate risks, enable safe water supply to all at least-cost, conserve water resources and protect the environment, while being financeable.
- [Transforming sectors](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/natural-resources/transforming-sectors-natural-resources/) - We help clients with transforming sector structures and policies to improve sustainability and performance of fisheries, agribusiness, and forestry, and improving how water resources and air quality are managed.
- [Managing transactions](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/water/managing-transactions-water/) - We help clients with managing and advising on transactions, attracting private capital and operating expertise to water service provision.
- [Appraising and diligencing projects and investment](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/social/appraising-diligencing-projects-investment-social-services/) - We help clients with appraising and diligencing projects and investments, across social services and infrastructure. We apply financial models and economics to forecast potential costs and revenues, determining the technical, financial, environmental and economic viability of projects. We identify commercial, regulatory, and political risks, and appropriate mitigation strategies.
- [Transforming sectors](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/water/transformingsectors/) - We help clients with transforming water sectors to ensure water services are reliable, safe, convenient and affordable, even in the face of resource stress, climate-risk and limited fiscal resources...
- [Public private partnership: Building institutions and capacity](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/water/public-private-partnership-water/) - We help clients to create capacity to appraise and implement public private partnerships by developing guidelines and process manuals and assessing and implementing pioneering transactions.
- [Managing transactions](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/transportation/managing-transactions-transportation/) - Managing transactions, by supporting governments and investors in sales and acquisitions of major port, airport, expressway, and public transit projects. We proactively identify risks and work to prepare transactions that will be commercially viable and maximize value for money for the public sector.
- [Developing projects and pipelines](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/natural-resources/developing-projects-and-pipelines-natural-resources/) - We help clients with assessing investment opportunities for developing natural resources.
- [Setting tariffs and service standards](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/energy/setting-tariffs-and-service-standards/) - Setting tariffs and service standards, using bench marking databases and financial models to develop regulatory submissions. We also help regulators assess the reasonableness of utilities’ submissions.
- [Appraising and diligencing projects and investments](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/telecommunications/appraising-and-diligencing-projects-telecommunications/) - Regulatory due diligence on telecommunications sector investments, identifying commercial, regulatory and political risks, and recommending strategies.
- [Designing systems for resource and ecosystem management](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/energy/designing-systems-resource-ecosystem-management-energy/) - Resource management and environmental sustinability by advising on cap-and-trade systems for emissions, carbon taxes, renewable portfolio credits and other mechanisms designed to increase the sustainability of energy systems.
- [Designing markets](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/natural-resources/designing-markets-natural-resources/) - We help clients with creating market mechanisms to manage natural resources efficiently.
- [Site Map](https://castalia-advisors.com/site-map/)
- [Public private partnership: Building institutions and capacity](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/energy/public-private-partnership-energy/) - Creating systems to attract private investment to the energy sector through developing the rules and institutions to procure privately financed generation, transmission and distribution facilities.
- [Transforming enterprises and utilities](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/water/transforming-enterprises-and-utilities-water/) - We help clients to turn around water utility performance, with specialized diagnostic tools, KPI bench marking, governance, financing and management innovations.
- [Appraising and diligencing projects and investments](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/water/appraising-and-diligencing-projects-and-investments-water/) - We help clients with appraising and diligencing projects and brownfield investments, using economic and financial models to forecast benefits, costs and cash flow, determining technical and environmental viability, identifying commercial, regulatory and political risks, and recommending strategies.
- [Blending private and public finance](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/water/blending-private-and-public-finance-water/) - We help clients with blending private and public finance into viable deal structures, combining government and multilateral grants, loans and guarantees with commercial finance to create bankable structures that delivery government policy objectives and appropriate risk-adjusted returns for investors.
- [Managing stakeholders, building consensus](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/water/managing-stakeholders-building-consensus-water/) - We help clients with managing stakeholder and building consensus using proprietary methodologies to identify stakeholder interests, channels to influence, and broker win-win solutions to water sector problems.
- [Providing expert evidence](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/water/providing-expert-evidence-water/) - We help clients by providing expert evidence when disputes arise, providing authoritative, independent opinions on matters such as regulatory reasonableness cost of capital and quantum of damages, in regulatory, arbitration and court proceedings.
- [Designing systems for resource and ecosystem management](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/water/designing-systems-resource-ecosystem-management-water/) - We help clients with designing systems to manage the quality of water resources through assessing the ecosystem impacts of nutrient concentration, in-stream flows and temperatures, identifying the human interactions with the natural system, and developing regulatory and market mechanisms to optimize costs and ecological services from bodies of water.
- [Designing markets](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/social/designing-markets-social-services/) - We help clients with designing markets, shaping overall market structure to ensure vital social services and infrastructure are delivered efficiently, in a way that facilitates social well-being.
- [Designing regulation](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/social/designing-regulation-social-services/) - We help clients with designing and reviewing social infrastructure regulation, by reviewing regulatory decisions, frameworks, and proposed laws. We also suggest amendments to ensure that regulation of social services and infrastructure is risk-proportionate, drives social outcomes and enables development growth.
- [Providing expert evidence](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/social/providing-expert-evidence-social-services/) - We help clients with investigating anti-competitive conduct by providing expert advice. Our experts advise on allegations and disputes related to price fixing of social service, anti-competitive behavior, anti-trust and breach of service.
- [Setting tariffs and service standards](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/transportation/setting-tariffs-and-service-standards-transport/) - Setting tariffs for transport projects in both transaction and regulatory setting. For expressways and public transportation, we consider willingness to pay for services and demand forecasts to calculate cost reflective tariffs and then advise on the level of subsidy required to ensure that projects are viable.
- [Transforming sectors](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/telecommunications/transforming-sectors-telecommunications/) - Transforming telecommunications sectors to ensure universal access to high-quality broadband, in a way that combines appropriate government support with private sector investment and competition.
- [Blending private and public finance](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/telecommunications/blending-private-and-public-finance-telecommunications/) - Blending private and public finance into viable deal structures for fiber and satellite networks, combining government and multilateral grants, loans, and guarantees with commercial finance to create bankable structures that deliver government policy objectives and appropriate risk-adjusted returns for investors.
- [Providing expert evidence](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/telecommunications/providing-expert-evidence-telecommunications/) - Expert evidence when disputes arise, providing authoritative, independent opinions on matters such as competition effects of mergers, contracts, and arrangements in regulatory, arbitration, and court proceedings.
- [Appraising policies](https://castalia-advisors.com/services/investor/appraising-policies-investors/) - We help investors and asset holders to ensure that policies and regulations do not damage business growth and dynamism, by providing expert analysis, persuasively presented, to ensure that policies and regulations are well designed.
- [Blending private and public finance](https://castalia-advisors.com/services/government/blending-private-and-public-finance-govt/) - We help public sector and international agencies to blend public and private finance so that socially desirable projects can proceed.
- [Services](https://castalia-advisors.com/services/)
- [Sectors](https://castalia-advisors.com/sectors/)

## Team Members

- [Valentina Rudd](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/valentina-rudd/) - Prior to Castalia, Valentina was a Senior Consultant at Nalanda Analytica and advised Colombia’s National Infrastructure Agency and Ministry of Housing. She worked at the intersection of infrastructure, public policy, and sustainability, including utility regulation, public-private partnerships, public investment, and water security across Latin America. Valentina is passionate about bringing best practices from other infrastructure
- [Daniel Bonomo](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/daniel-bonomo/) - He works with our clients to structure and implement financing and transaction solutions that make complex water projects succeed. Daniel previously interned with the International Trade Administration on the Central America Desk, supporting market access efforts for U.S. companies in the region. He also spent more than two years at the Center for a New
- [Petray Wu](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/petray-wu/) - He is skilled in assessing the sustainability of utilities and infrastructure projects and building analytical tools that help governments target water and sanitation investment. Prior to Castalia, Petray worked in structured finance and fund formation at Hope Community Capital, where he led the design of a New Market Tax Credit syndication fund, and in transaction
- [Sandip Guha](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/sandip-guha/) - Sandip Guha is a business development and strategy professional with over 15 years of experience supporting infrastructure and PPP engagements for government agencies, multilateral institutions, and private developers. His focus is on market positioning, growth strategy, and proposal development for complex, multi-country advisory assignments in infrastructure and sector reform. Prior to Castalia, Sandip held senior
- [Jake McConnell](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/jake-mcconnell_/) - He has supported complex investment and regulatory decisions in emerging and developed markets through modeling, tariff pricing, financial analyses, and business case development. Jake came from a background in civil engineering and construction in New Zealand, making for a valuable perspective on the incentives that drive effective infrastructure. Jake is passionate about learning how countries
- [Jordan Nelson](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/jordan-nelson/) - Jordan is an economist experienced in energy, water, and social infrastructure—with a particular focus on renewable energy. His strength lies in considering and synthesizing diverse perspectives to create tailored solutions for complex problems. Prior to Castalia, Jordan worked for a non-profit micro finance firm in the Dominican Republic and as a contractor to the United
- [Stéphanie Tatunchak](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/stephanie-tatunchak/) - She has assessed the performance of utilities across Africa and South East Asia. She specializes in developing frameworks to facilitate private investment in the utilities’ sector. Prior to Castalia Stéphanie worked as an infrastructure analyst at Grant Thornton in Canada. Stéphanie is driven by solving problems in ways that impact and enhance the livelihoods of
- [Mayssa Otayek](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/mayssa-otayek/) - Her experience has taken her across various regions, enriching her understanding of the global energy landscape. Prior to Castalia, Mayssa worked on projects with organizations such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Rocky Mountain Institute, and GreenMax Capital Advisors. She also co-led policy research initiatives on energy in Lebanon and the broader Middle East. Mayssa is committed
- [Marwa Achour](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/marwa-achour/) - Marwa is a Project Manager at Castalia with 6 years of experience in financial and economic analysis for infrastructure sectors. She works with international finance institutions like the World Bank, International Finance Corporation, and the United States Export-Import Bank to implement commercially feasible infrastructure projects, covering energy, transport and water and sanitation, with a focus
- [Leticia Lie](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/leticia_lie/) - She has worked closely with the Indonesian government and the World Bank on a range of initiatives. In 2025, Leticia rejoined Castalia after completing her Master’s degree at Stanford University, where she studied how geopolitics influences infrastructure development. Previously, she worked with UNICEF Indonesia on SDG-linked bonds and helped evaluate Australian government programs. Leticia is
- [Karen Pan](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/karen-pan/) - Prior to Castalia, Karen obtained her Master’s degree in Global Human Development with a focus on climate and environment and quantitative methods. As a graduate consultant, she has worked with the Clean Air Task Force to develop a composite index to measure the readiness of African countries to deploy clean energy technologies. She also worked
- [Karanina Bhattacharjee](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/karanina-bhattacharjee/) - Before Castalia, Karanina helped mobilize private capital for development projects globally at Chemonics International and design international development policy at the U.S. Treasury. Karanina is driven to apply rigorous, collaborative thinking to find solutions to the world’s pressing infrastructure and renewable transition challenges. Through her work, she aims to help communities and governments by navigating
- [Ian Spellane](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/ian-spellane/) - His areas of focus include assessing the economic and financial viability of utilities projects, and the strategic planning of regulatory and policy frameworks for water and sanitation services. Prior to joining Castalia, Ian assisted the Georgetown Center on Poverty & Inequality with economic policy research. Ian also worked as a Teach For America Corps Member
- [Louis Costil](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/louis-costil/) - As a Manager in the Asia-Pacific practice, Louis uses his economic and financial skills to help public clients and investors make informed investment decisions. He previously worked for a boutique investment bank on structured and fund finance transactions and as a graduate in the Wealth team of investment bank Jarden. He supported deals from origination
- [Aristotle Miguel](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/aristotle-miguel/) - He has consulted on market entry projects in the retail sector and interned at the Central Bank of Indonesia, where he assessed international economic partnerships and macroeconomic policy. His roles included data, economics, and financial analysis. Passionate about infrastructure and energy projects in developing countries, Miguel is motivated to contribute to global development. He collaborates
- [Yulian Fan](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/yulian-fan/) - She enjoys diving into sector issues, analyzing binding constraints, and devising actionable solutions for developing economies. Before joining Castalia, Yulian studied Economics and Business Management at Babson College, where she studied abroad in Ghana for a semester to learn more about African development. Then, Yulian studied International Development and African Studies at the Johns Hopkins
- [Masnoon Majeed](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/masnoon-majeed/) - Having studied in Pakistan, the USA, New Zealand, and France, he brings a global perspective to his work. He has five years of experience in New Zealand’s public sector, working at the Treasury, Ministry of Business, Innovation, and Employment, and Ministry of Children. During his time in the public sector, Masnoon advised the New Zealand
- [Willem Crowhurst](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/willem_crowhurst/) - Willem is an economic and financial Manager in Castalia's Asia-Pacific Practice. Prior to studying economics and joining Castalia, Willem worked in the film and media industry in both New Zealand and the United States, on projects including feature films, commercials, and documentaries. He also has five years of experience working within the New Zealand telecommunications
- [Anamaría Camacho](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/anamaria-camacho/) - Before Castalia, her experience includes working in the water, sanitation, and solid waste sectors as Director of Policy and Regulation in Colombia’s Ministry of Housing, Cities, and Territory. Also, Anamaria worked as a consultant on regulation and finance of infrastructure for The Economist, the Development Bank of Latin America CAF, and the Interamerican Development Bank.
- [Anton Murashev](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/anton-murashev/) - This is backed by substantial infrastructure sector experience in developed and developing countries. He specializes in energy sector policy and strategy, monopoly regulation, and improving essential services access in developing countries through private sector participation. Between 2006 and 2008, Anton co-lead Castalia’s energy practice, after working for Vector (New Zealand’s leading electricity and gas utility)
- [Sarah Thomas](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/sarah-thomas/) - She has experience monitoring regulatory and policy environments and quantifying climate-related financial risk to help stakeholders design resilient energy systems. Prior to Castalia, Sarah worked on energy policy and emerging technology analyses. This included climate finance projects at Sustainable Capital Advisors, international climate diplomacy at the UAE Mission to the UN for COP28, and research
- [Sabine Smurthwaite](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/sabine-smurthwaite/) - She focuses on driving Castalia’s growth and enhancing the firm’s global visibility by helping develop procurement documents and strategic and brand-aligned content across digital platforms. She is also experienced in engaging target audiences through SEO efforts, campaign analysis, and content creation. Sabine is passionate about connecting impactful ideas with resources and partnerships needed to bring
- [Ricardo Munroe](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/ricardo-munroe/) - Ricardo is a results-oriented Project Manager at Castalia with proven multi-sector expertise in project finance, private-public partnerships and privatization, project management, and deal structuring. He previously worked for the Development Bank of Jamaica for over a decade where he led teams to structure and execute bankable privately financed projects and award-winning transactions. He has also
- [Joseph Sax](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/joseph-sax/) - Joe is a manager in Castalia’s Water practice. His expertise includes the economics and political economy of infrastructure, service delivery, and development. Before joining Castalia, Joe worked for a private political risk advisory firm in the Middle East. He then completed a Master’s program at Georgetown University in public policy and foreign policy. While at
- [Nel Baclig](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/nel-baclig/) - She is passionate about empowering people to reach their full potential and is dedicated to creating a collaborative and high-performance work environment that supports individual and organizational success. Focusing on aligning talent management with long-term objectives, Nel leads HR initiatives that enhance organizational performance. This includes shaping recruitment strategies, leading organizational development, and overseeing payrolls
- [Laurie Hervot](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/laurie-hervot/) - She works primarily on structuring private investments in sustainable energy and developing strategies and business models for power utilities. Laurie has extensive experience in Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean. She is passionate about helping public and private stakeholders develop sustainable energy solutions from conceptual design to implementation. Key Projects Guidance for the Regulation
- [Veronica Lizzio](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/veronica-lizzio/) - Veronica is a Practice Leader in Castalia’s Energy Practice. She has experience developing sector-wide plans in places such as the United Arab Emirates and Caribbean countries. She has also conducted economic and financial viability assessments for projects such as; an undersea transmission line between Italy and Tunisia; a concentrated solar power (CSP) plant in Jordan;
- [Müjde Zeynel](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/mujde-zeynel/) - Prior to joining Castalia, Müjde has had a multifaceted career with institutional infrastructure investors, multilateral development banks and governments across developed and developing markets. Müjde has been based in Türkiye for the past 5 years and held advisory and private sector leadership roles, covering deals in Eastern Europe, the Middle East and the Central Asian
- [Marc Pickering](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/marc-pickering/) - Marc previously worked in finance at Transurban, a toll road operator and developer. He was responsible for the analysis and valuation of potential investment opportunities, project financing, and other corporate activities for Transurban in North America, and was the Director of Finance for Canada. Marc has also worked at the United States Department of Energy
- [Alex Sundakov](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/alex-sundakov/) - This includes due diligence of infrastructure investment opportunities and transaction advice on PPP projects in the transport, energy, water and health sectors. He is also an expert witness in regulatory and competition policy cases in different jurisdictions. Alex joined Castalia after a career spanning the New Zealand Treasury, the International Monetary Fund, and serving as
- [Chris Pham](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/chris-pham/) - His impact has directly influenced Castalia’s contributions in all key sectors and with a diverse range of key stakeholders. Chris is passionate about engaging in assignments where business and environment intersect to generate meaningful impact. He enjoys work that delivers high-quality insights and recommendations that contribute to sustainable growth. Q&A What’s one thing you think
- [Bujee Boldbaatar](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/bujee-boldbaatar/) - She brings expertise in financial modeling, private market analysis, and due diligence, supporting clients in making informed, data-backed decisions that drive long-term growth. As a financial analyst with experience across public and private sectors, Bujee has contributed to high-stakes projects, including the Rio Tinto IPO preparation and investment fund assessments in the Asia-Pacific. Her experience
- [Mary Bacus](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/mary-bacus/) - Prior to Castalia, she worked with multilateral institutions like the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank, where she contributed to shaping financial strategies for key Public-Private Partnership projects in the Philippines. She is also an experienced data scientist and AI specialist, combining mathematics with data to transform various industries. Mary is driven to solve
- [Andrew Hartman](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/andrew-hartman_/) - His proficiency in navigating complex financial landscapes enables him to drive data-informed decision-making. Andrew began his career at Castalia, where he collaborated closely with the previous CFO, gaining extensive insights into corporate finance. Before returning to Castalia, he broadened his experience at a publicly traded software-as-a-service company. An analytical thinker, Andrew is dedicated to leveraging
- [Javier Duarte](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/javier-duarte/) - Javier is an economist with relevant experience in investment banking and infrastructure, particularly in ports and logistics. Before joining Castalia, Javier worked for a boutique investment bank based in Bogotá. His experience includes work on valuation, project finance, financial modeling, and economic analysis for private companies and the public sectors across multiple sectors. Q&A If
- [Giang Doan](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/giang-doan/) - Giang advises the public and private sectors on the preparation and implementation of infrastructure projects in the water and transport sectors. He also supports government agencies in improving legal frameworks for mobilizing private finance for infrastructure development. Giang is skilled in analyzing the viability and structure of PPP projects. Prior to Castalia, Giang provided corporate advisory services and private sector development
- [David Ehrhardt](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/david-ehrhardt/) - His areas of expertise are private finance and regulation of infrastructure and utilities. David is skilled in developing new structures for private investment in public infrastructure, and he advises governments on ways to improve policy and organization in infrastructure sectors. His experience prior to Castalia includes work on infrastructure, regulation and finance at Azurix, London
- [Isabella Pabon](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/isabella-pabon/) - She is passionate about writing proposals and finding the best new business opportunities for Castalia. Before Castalia, she was working at the British Embassy in Colombia. Here, she contributed to foreign direct investment strategy and supported various infrastructure and energy projects. Isabella is passionate about helping the private and public sectors achieve a more sustainable
- [Anna Russell](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/anna-russell/) - Before joining Castalia, Anna completed undergraduate and post-graduate studies at the University of Otago, where she focused on the relationship between geopolitics and macroeconomics. Throughout her studies, Anna was involved in consulting for Ōtepoti Seeds, a non-profit organization. In this role she was responsible for preparing budget forecasts and offering strategic advice to support the
- [Azgerel Ganbaatar](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/azgerel-ganbaatar/) - She has a keen eye for detail and takes pride in her organizational skills to ensure the operations of corporate services run smoothly and efficiently. Prior to working at Castalia, Azgerel worked in an education and migration consulting agency based in Sydney, Australia. She is passionate about creating an approachable and welcoming environment where everyone
- [Daria Rybalka](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/daria-rybalka/) - She is passionate about tackling complex energy transition challenges, such as ensuring a stable electricity supply while increasing the proportion of renewable energy in the grid in various countries. She highly values Castalia’s collaborative approach to solving complex, strategic assignments and delivering sustainable, measurable results. Prior to joining Castalia, Daria worked in Beijing, China, in
- [Vipul Bhagat](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/vipul-bhagat/) - Vipul started his professional career at KPMG, then Deutsche Bank and Fannie Mae, before joining IFC. During his nearly 30 years at IFC, he lived and worked in Hongkong, the Philippines, Thailand, and India--including managing numerous infrastructure investments and establishing the South Asia PPP Advisory Service Line of Business. He was also the deputy head
- [Brian Samuel](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/brian-samuel/) - He has worked across the Caribbean and Africa, mobilizing over US$300 million in infrastructure projects. Before Castalia, Brian was the Head of Regional Public-Private Partnerships at the Caribbean Development Bank. Brian worked at the International Finance Corporation (IFC) for 20 years, where he was responsible for financing businesses, providing technical assistance to financial institutions, liaising
- [Nonito Bernardo](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/nonito-bernardo/) - Nonito is the Principal, Southeast Asia for Castalia’s Asia-Pacific practice. He has more than 25 years of experience in the energy and infrastructure sectors, with expertise in public-private partnerships (PPPs), project finance, mergers and acquisitions, and privatization. Prior to Castalia, Nonito was a Senior Investment Officer with the International Finance Corporation’s (IFC) CTA department, which
- [Peter Hoogland](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/peter-hoogland/) - He is an expert in the areas of: electricity and gas networks; development and operation of wholesale and retail electricity markets; and public fiscal policy. He has advised market participants, regulators and government policy makers on the design of regulatory frameworks and the establishment of markets, as well as privatization of infrastructure across all sectors.
- [Marie Marconnet](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/marie-marconnet/) - Her expertise covers assessing the economic and commercial viability of renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies; advising and providing capacity building on regulation, policy, and planning; conducting cost-benefit analysis; and providing transaction advice. Over the past 12 years she has advised governments and private investors on sustainable energy development in over 20 countries throughout Africa, Asia, the Pacific
- [David Gawith](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/david-gawith/) - David brings a critical multidisciplinary perspective to development strategies in the public and private sectors. He has worked on policy coherence for sustainable development, disaster impact assessment, nature-based solutions, and land use strategy at the OECD, Landcare Research, the Environmental Defense Society, and the Cambridge Center for Science and Policy. At Castalia, David has led work on climate finance and
- [Lauren McManamon](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/lauren-mcmanamon/) - Lauren manages Castalia’s day-to-day business development activities. Her areas of expertise are strategy writing, crafting compelling business pitches, and coaching people on how to deliver winning work. She is skilled in Plain English and guides others on the principles of clear, concise writing. Her experience prior to Castalia includes policy advice to New Zealand’s Ministry
- [Bambang Irwanto](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/bambang-irwanto/) - Bambang has advised private companies, government agencies, and bilateral and multilateral development institutions on PPPs, infrastructure finance, and transactions. Bambang has held several roles in the public and private sectors and advised on PPPs and other transactions. He served as an Associate Director at KPMG, a PPP financial and transaction expert with Bappenas through PMO
- [Jonathan Walters](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member/jonathan-walters/) - He is skilled in building reform coalitions, and in facilitating reform processes. Jonathan worked for many years in the World Bank, engaged with governments and development aid organizations at senior level, and has worked all over the world. He has seen governments from the inside and the outside, and has extensive experience with the private

## Categories

- [News](https://castalia-advisors.com/category/news/)
- [Projects](https://castalia-advisors.com/category/projects/) - Projects
- [Journeys](https://castalia-advisors.com/category/journeys/)
- [Blog](https://castalia-advisors.com/category/blog/)

## Tags

- [Assessment of Government policy responses](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/assessment-of-government-policy-responses/)
- [Macroeconomic and trade effects of the pandemic](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/macroeconomic-and-trade-effects-of-the-pandemic/)
- [Effects of the pandemic on infrastructure](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/effects-of-the-pandemic-on-infrastructure/)
- [Water sector insights](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/water-sector-insights/)
- [Energy sector insights](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/energy-sector-insights/)
- [Transportation sector insights](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/transportation-sector-insights/)
- [Market structure assessments](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/market-structure-assessments/)
- [Resource Management Reform](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/resource-management-reform/)
- [Economic Analysis](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/economic-analysis/)
- [New Zealand Legislation](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/new-zealand-legislation/)
- [Resource Management Act Replacement](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/resource-management-act-replacement/)
- [Environmental Policy Reform](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/environmental-policy-reform/)
- [Regulatory Impact Assessment](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/regulatory-impact-assessment/)
- [Castalia Case Study](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/castalia-case-study/)
- [Public-Private Partnerships](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/public-private-partnerships/)
- [Water Services](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/water-services/)
- [Africa](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/africa/)
- [Urban Water](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/urban-water/)
- [Infrastructure Finance](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/infrastructure-finance/)
- [Castalia Advisors](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/castalia-advisors/)
- [Water Resilience](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/water-resilience/)
- [energy security](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/energy-security/)
- [grid reliability](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/grid-reliability/)
- [Inverter-based resources](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/inverter-based-resources/)
- [Power system planning](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/power-system-planning/)
- [Urban water scarcity](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/urban-water-scarcity/)
- [Artificial intelligence](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/artificial-intelligence/)
- [Machine learning](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/machine-learning/)
- [Water management](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/water-management/)
- [Smart water systems](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/smart-water-systems/)
- [Climate resilience](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/climate-resilience/)
- [Water utilities](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/water-utilities/)
- [Sustainable cities](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/sustainable-cities/)
- [Infrastructure innovation](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/infrastructure-innovation/)
- [Solar Power](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/solar-power/)
- [Battery Energy Storage](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/battery-energy-storage/)
- [BESS](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/bess/)
- [24/7 Solar](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/24-7-solar/)
- [Dispatchable Electricity](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/dispatchable-electricity/)
- [Energy Storage Costs](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/energy-storage-costs/)
- [Gas-fired Generation](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/gas-fired-generation/)
- [Levelized Cost of Electricity](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/levelized-cost-of-electricity/)
- [Energy Transition](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/energy-transition/)
- [Renewable Energy Economics](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/renewable-energy-economics/)
- [Solar vs Gas](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/solar-vs-gas/)
- [potomac river sewage spill](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/potomac-river-sewage-spill/)
- [washington dc water crisis](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/washington-dc-water-crisis/)
- [sewage spill 2026](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/sewage-spill-2026/)
- [wastewater contamination](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/wastewater-contamination/)
- [potomac river pollution](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/potomac-river-pollution/)
- [maryland](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/maryland/)
- [washington dc](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/washington-dc/)
- [virginia](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/virginia/)
- [potomac river](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/potomac-river/)
- [C&O Canal](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/co-canal/)
- [water pollution crisis](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/water-pollution-crisis/)
- [public health alert](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/public-health-alert/)
- [E. coli contamination](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/e-coli-contamination/)
- [environmental disaster USA](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/environmental-disaster-usa/)
- [aging infrastructure](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/aging-infrastructure/)
- [sewer system failure](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/sewer-system-failure/)
- [dc water](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/dc-water/)
- [Wastewater Infrastructure](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/wastewater-infrastructure/)
- [Sewage Spill](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/sewage-spill/)
- [Urban Resilience](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/urban-resilience/)
- [Water Infrastructure](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/water-infrastructure/)
- [Wellington New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/wellington-new-zealand/)
- [Infrastructure Investment](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/infrastructure-investment/)
- [Wastewater Management](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/wastewater-management/)
- [Public Health](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/public-health/)
- [Stormwater Systems](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/stormwater-systems/)
- [Environmental Risk](https://castalia-advisors.com/tag/environmental-risk/)

## Sectors

- [Energy](https://castalia-advisors.com/sector/energy/)
- [Natural resources and Primary Production](https://castalia-advisors.com/sector/natural-resources/)
- [Infrastructure and markets for social services](https://castalia-advisors.com/sector/infrastructure-and-markets-for-social-services/)
- [Telecommunications](https://castalia-advisors.com/sector/telecommunications/)
- [Transportation](https://castalia-advisors.com/sector/transportation/)
- [Water](https://castalia-advisors.com/sector/water/)
- [Climate and Environment](https://castalia-advisors.com/sector/climate-and-environment/)

## Services

- [Investors and companies](https://castalia-advisors.com/service/investors-and-companies/)
- [Governments, regulators and international agencies](https://castalia-advisors.com/service/governments/)

## Project IDs

- [C08024](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c08024/)
- [C16041](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c16041/)
- [C17055](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c17055/)
- [C03017](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c03017/)
- [C05035](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c05035/)
- [C05055](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c05055/)
- [C06027](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c06027/)
- [C18051](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c18051/)
- [C06050](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c06050/)
- [C18044](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c18044/)
- [C06085](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c06085/)
- [C18036](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c18036/)
- [C08018](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c08018/)
- [C08051](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c08051/)
- [C18032](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c18032/)
- [C09005](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c09005/)
- [C09065](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c09065/)
- [C10026](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c10026/)
- [C18021](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c18021/)
- [C10073](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c10073/)
- [C18017](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c18017/)
- [C11045](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c11045/)
- [C17064](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c17064/)
- [C11097](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c11097/)
- [C8024](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c8024/)
- [C10004](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c10004/)
- [C12001](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c12001/)
- [C12092](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c12092/)
- [C13033](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c13033/)
- [C13085](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c13085/)
- [C14078](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c14078/)
- [C15008](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c15008/)
- [C15018](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c15018/)
- [C15060](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c15060/)
- [C15071](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c15071/)
- [C15089](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c15089/)
- [C15091](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c15091/)
- [C15092](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c15092/)
- [C16050](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c16050/)
- [C16066](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c16066/)
- [C16107](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c16107/)
- [C16108](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c16108/)
- [C17015](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c17015/)
- [C17028](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c17028/)
- [C17034](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c17034/)
- [C17053](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c17053/)
- [C12017](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c12017/)
- [C12094](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c12094/)
- [C03031](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c03031/)
- [C08041](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c08041/)
- [C15081](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c15081/)
- [C16045](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c16045/)
- [C18013](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c18013/)
- [C18028](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c18028/)
- [C14040](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c14040/)
- [C12078](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c12078/)
- [C04024](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c04024/)
- [C17017](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c17017/)
- [C09046](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c09046/)
- [C04041](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c04041/)
- [C16057](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c16057/)
- [C18023](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c18023/)
- [C18024](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c18024/)
- [C18034](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c18034/)
- [C17039](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c17039/)
- [C07046](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c07046/)
- [C08020](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c08020/)
- [C15072](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c15072/)
- [C16019](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c16019/)
- [C16059](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c16059/)
- [C14054](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c14054/)
- [C17011](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c17011/)
- [C05044](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c05044/)
- [C09057](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c09057/)
- [C11028](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c11028/)
- [C13062](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c13062/)
- [C15064](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c15064/)
- [C00009](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c00009/)
- [C07026](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c07026/)
- [C09014](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c09014/)
- [C12046](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c12046/)
- [C12062](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c12062/)
- [c13027](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c13027/)
- [C05023](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c05023/)
- [C07058](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c07058/)
- [C10017](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c10017/)
- [C10024](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c10024/)
- [C11033](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c11033/)
- [C13020](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c13020/)
- [C13034](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c13034/)
- [C13051](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c13051/)
- [C14064](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c14064/)
- [C15058](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c15058/)
- [C15084](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c15084/)
- [C01002](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c01002/)
- [C10007](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c10007/)
- [C10046](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c10046/)
- [C15014](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c15014/)
- [C15063](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c15063/)
- [C16024](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c16024/)
- [C16027](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c16027/)
- [C16030](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c16030/)
- [C16076](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c16076/)
- [C16090](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c16090/)
- [C16097](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c16097/)
- [C16111](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c16111/)
- [C17022](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c17022/)
- [C17059](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c17059/)
- [C18035](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c18035/)
- [C18070](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c18070/)
- [Energy Smart Fund](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/energy-smart-fund/)
- [C15031](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c15031/)
- [C12030](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c12030/)
- [C05016](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c05016/)
- [C08093](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c08093/)
- [C18076 Turnaround](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c18076-turnaround/)
- [c18076 Fiscal Management Tool](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c18076-fiscal-management-tool/)
- [C05014](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c05014/)
- [C05033](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c05033/)
- [C06005](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c06005/)
- [C06079](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c06079/)
- [C10065](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c10065/)
- [C12015](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c12015/)
- [C13006](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c13006/)
- [C13011](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c13011/)
- [C13012](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c13012/)
- [C13021](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c13021/)
- [C13078](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c13078/)
- [C14005](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c14005/)
- [C16037](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c16037/)
- [C15059](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c15059/)
- [C15078](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c15078/)
- [C16100](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c16100/)
- [C05018](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c05018/)
- [C13073](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c13073/)
- [C04004](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c04004/)
- [C03024](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c03024/)
- [C17047](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c17047/)
- [C04010](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c04010/)
- [C06086](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c06086/)
- [C06083](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c06083/)
- [C13041](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c13041/)
- [C08064](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c08064/)
- [C10055](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c10055/)
- [C11054](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c11054/)
- [Turkey Solar PV](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/turkey-solar-pv/)
- [C18003](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c18003/)
- [C09047](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c09047/)
- [C10067](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c10067/)
- [C11062](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c11062/)
- [C13066](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c13066/)
- [C15099](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c15099/)
- [C16056](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c16056/)
- [C17051](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c17051/)
- [C18048](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c18048/)
- [C18016](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c18016/)
- [C18008](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c18008/)
- [C18004](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c18004/)
- [C16087](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c16087/)
- [C09066](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c09066/)
- [C20038](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c20038/)
- [C20012](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c20012/)
- [C14081](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c14081/)
- [C21089](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c21089/)
- [C20060](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c20060/)
- [C20053](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c20053/)
- [C21090](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c21090/)
- [C21091](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c21091/)
- [C21042](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c21042/)
- [C18053](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c18053/)
- [C17043](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c17043/)
- [C16015](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c16015/)
- [C15043](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c15043/)
- [C13005](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c13005/)
- [C19043](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c19043/)
- [C18011](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c18011/)
- [C16109](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c16109/)
- [C21093](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c21093/)
- [C18037](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c18037/)
- [C13102](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c13102/)
- [C13104](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c13104/)
- [C22028](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c22028/)
- [C14050](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c14050/)
- [C16020](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c16020/)
- [C13081](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c13081/)
- [C11024](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c11024/)
- [C20076](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c20076/)
- [C23076](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c23076/)
- [C22035](https://castalia-advisors.com/project/c22035/)

## Countries

- [Jamaica](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/jamaica/)
- [New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/new-zealand/)
- [Indonesia](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/indonesia/)
- [Tanzania](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/tanzania/)
- [South Africa](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/south-africa/)
- [Canada](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/canada/)
- [Rwanda](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/rwanda/)
- [Philippines](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/philippines/)
- [Middle East and North Africa](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/middle-east-and-north-africa/)
- [Morocco](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/morocco/)
- [Spain](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/spain/)
- [Portugal](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/portugal/)
- [France](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/france/)
- [Germany](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/germany/)
- [Benin](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/benin/)
- [Togo](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/togo/)
- [Australia](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/australia/)
- [Puerto Rico](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/puerto-rico/)
- [Vietnam](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/vietnam/)
- [Guinea](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/guinea/)
- [Papua New Guinea](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/papua-new-guinea/)
- [Nigeria](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/nigeria/)
- [People's Republic of China](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/peoples-republic-of-china/)
- [United Arab Emirates](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/united-arab-emirates/)
- [Burkino Faso](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/burkino-faso/)
- [Kenya](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/kenya/)
- [Caribbean](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/caribbean/)
- [Uruguay](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/uruguay/)
- [Sudan](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/sudan/)
- [Tunisia](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/tunisia/)
- [Federal States of Micronesia](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/federal-states-of-micronesia/)
- [Europe](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/europe/)
- [North Africa](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/north-africa/)
- [Argentina](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/argentina/)
- [Guyana](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/guyana/)
- [Mexico](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/mexico/)
- [Ukraine](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/ukraine/)
- [Ghana](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/ghana/)
- [United States](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/united-states/)
- [Jordan](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/jordan/)
- [Federated States of Micronesia](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/federated-states-of-micronesia/)
- [Global](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/global/)
- [Bangladesh](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/bangladesh/)
- [Haiti](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/haiti/)
- [Bermuda](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/bermuda/)
- [Qatar](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/qatar/)
- [Colombia](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/colombia/)
- [Oman](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/oman/)
- [Barbados](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/barbados/)
- [Madagascar](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/madagascar/)
- [Panama](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/panama/)
- [Vanuatu](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/vanuatu/)
- [Turkey](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/turkey/)
- [Suriname](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/suriname/)
- [Solomon Islands](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/solomon-islands/)
- [Cote d'Ivoire](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/cote-divoire-2/)
- [Brazil](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/brazil/)
- [Samoa](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/samoa/)
- [Ethiopia](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/ethiopia/)
- [Tuvalu](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/tuvalu/)
- [Peru](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/peru/)
- [Costa Rica](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/costa-rica/)
- [Dominican Republic](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/dominican-republic/)
- [Guatemala](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/guatemala/)
- [Honduras](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/honduras/)
- [Chile](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/chile/)
- [Abu Dhabi](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/abu-dhabi/)
- [Saint Kitts and Nevis](https://castalia-advisors.com/country/saint-kitts-and-nevis-2/)

## News Sectors

- [Energy](https://castalia-advisors.com/newssector/energy/)
- [Infrastructure and markets for social services](https://castalia-advisors.com/newssector/infrastructure-and-markets-for-social-services/)
- [Transportation](https://castalia-advisors.com/newssector/transportation/)
- [Water](https://castalia-advisors.com/newssector/water/)

## News Services

- [Investors and companies](https://castalia-advisors.com/newsservice/investors-and-companies/)
- [Governments, regulators and international agencies](https://castalia-advisors.com/newsservice/governments-regulators-and-international-agencies/)

## Service Lines

- [Improving markets, regulation, and sector structure](https://castalia-advisors.com/serviceline/improving-markets-regulation-and-sector-structure/)
- [Setting tariffs and service standards](https://castalia-advisors.com/serviceline/set-utility-tariffs-and-service-standards/)
- [Infrastructure planning, transaction advisory, and financing](https://castalia-advisors.com/serviceline/infrastructure-planning-transaction-advisory-and-financing/)
- [Transforming organizations and service delivery](https://castalia-advisors.com/serviceline/transformation-of-service-delivery-and-infrastructure-financing/)
- [Expert evidence, evaluation, and learning](https://castalia-advisors.com/serviceline/expert-evidence-evaluation-and-learning/)
- [Integrated Water Resilience Planning](https://castalia-advisors.com/serviceline/integrated-water-resilience-planning/)

## Groups

- [Location](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member_position/location/)
- [Bogotá, Colombia](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member_position/bogota/)
- [Paris, France](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member_position/paris/)
- [Sydney, Australia](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member_position/sydney/)
- [Washington, DC, USA](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member_position/washington/)
- [Wellington, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member_position/wellington/)
- [Auckland, New Zealand](https://castalia-advisors.com/team_member_position/auckland/)